World Language Policy Essay example -- Globalization Localization Lang

Globalization, Localization, and Language Choice In Britain they used to call a barometer a ?glass.? One would visit the ?glass? in the morning in order to get a sense of what the weather would be for the day. It was of course a rather chancy business, not least because on the average day in Britain you have a little of everything anyway. The poet Louis MacNeice caught the sentiment in a wellknown poem about impending doom: The glass is falling hour by hour, the glass will fall for ever, But if you break the bloody glass you won?t hold up the weather. Perhaps the least observed phenomenon in the global system is language. Because it is so basic to human communication, we are apt to regard it simply as an unchangeable part of the communication process itself ? a kind of natural phenomenon as ordinary and ineluctable as weather. In fact, language is a social institution of enormous importance, and one over which we have a great deal of control (Edwards 1994, Tonkin 2003a). Human utterances are elective: we can either make them or not make them, and we are potentially capable of making these utterances in any language. Since language is fundamental to human social interaction, we begin by choosing our utterances in accordance with the code that we are born into: language is a form of human behavior, and we learn to talk through the need and the desire to participate in the community of which we are a part. Thus the language that we use also has symbolic value: it is a marker of our identity and it reinforces our sense of belonging. But it is an accident of geography or economics that we learn one language or another, that we are born into one speech community rather than another. Within that community, we lear... ...Werner, ed. 1998. Multilingual America: Transnationalism, Ethnicity, and the Languages of American Literature. New York: New York University Press. Tonkin, Humphrey. 2003a. Language and Society. New York: American Forum for Global Education. Tonkin, Humphrey. 2003b. The search for a global linguistic strategy. In Jacques Maurais & Michael A. Morris. Languages in a Globalising World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 319-333. Tonkin, Humphrey. 2004. Language equality in international relations. In Lee Chong-Yeong & Liu Haitao, ed. Towards a New International Language Order. Rotterdam: Universal Esperanto Association. 96-105. Tonkin, Humphrey & Timothy Reagan, ed. 2003. Language in the 21st Century. Amsterdam: Benjamins. Wright, Sue. 2004. Language Policy and Language Planning: From Nationalism to Globalisation. Basingstoke & New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

Abc Acquitsion

Corporate  Valuation Problem  Set  2 Dr. Zacharias  Sautner If  no  information  about  the  premium  has  been  given  in  the  questions  below,  you   can  use  the  data  form  the  following  table: Arithmetic  average      Geometric  Average            Stocks  ? Stocks  ? Stocks  ? Stocks  ? Historical  Period   T. Bills      T. Bonds   T. Bills      T. Bonds   1928? 2004      7. 92%      6. 53%      6. 02%      4. 84%   1964? 2004      5. 82%      4. 34%      4. 59%      3. 47%   1994? 2004      8. 60%      5. 82%      6. 85%      4. 51%      For  a  long? term  investor  the  geometric  average  with  treasury  bonds  (4. 4%)  is  used. For  a  short? term  investor  the  arithmetic  average  with  treasury  bills  (7. 92%)  is  used. In  both  cases  the  longest  possible  period  is  taken. Solutions 1. In  December  1995,  Boise  Cascade’s  stock  had  a  beta  of  0. 95. The  treasury  bill   rate  at  the  time  was  5. 8%,  and  the  treasury  bond  rate  was  6. 4%. The  firm  had   debt  outstanding  of  $1. 7  billion  and  a  market  value  of  equity  of  $1. 5  billion;   the  corporate  marginal  tax  rate  was  36%. a. Estimate  the  expected  return  on  the  stock  for  a  short  term  investor  in   the  company. b.Estimate  the  expected  return  on  the  stock  for  a  long? term  investor  in   the  company. c. Estimate  the  cost  of  equity  for  the  company. a. We  use  the  CAPM:   The  Expected  Return  on  the  stock  =  0. 058  +  0. 95(0. 0792)  =  0. 1332  =  13. 32%   Since  the  investor  is  a  short? term  investor,  we  use  the  T? bill  rate,  and  the  arithmetic   mean. Since  the  focus  is  short? term,  we  don’t  need  to  take  compounding  into account. 1 b. For  a  long? term  investor,  we  would  use  the  T? bond  rate,  and  the  geometric  mean:   The  expected  return  =  0. 064  +  0. 95(0. 0484)  =  0. 1  or  11%,  where  4. 84%  is  used  as   the  estimate  of  the  market  risk  premium,  since  that  is  the  geometric  average  of  the   market  premium  using  the  long? term  T? bond  rate  as  the  riskfree  rate. c. The  cost  of  equity  for  the  company  is  more  appropriately  the  long? term  required   rate  of  return,  since  most  projects  for  the  company  would  be  long? term. 2. Boise  Cascade  had  debt  outstanding  of   $1. 7  billion  and  had  a  market  value  of   equity  of  $1. 5  billion;  the  corporate  marginal  tax  rate  was  36%. a. Assuming   that   the   current   beta   of   0. 5   for   the   stock   is   a   reasonable   one,  estimate  the  unlevered  beta  for  the  company. b. How   much   of   the   risk   in   the   company   can   be   attributed   to   business   risk  and  much  to  financial  leverage? c. a. The  levered  beta  of  the  company  is  given  by  formula:  Ã‚   ? (levered)= (unlevered)(1+(1-tax rate)(D/E)) Solving, we get ? unlevered = 0. 95/(1+(1-0. 36)(1. 7/1. 5)) = 0. 55 b. The  proportion  of  the  risk  of  the  firm’s  equity  that  can  be  attributed  to  business   risk  is  0. 55/0. 95  =  58%,  while  the  remainder  is  due  to  financial  leverage  r isk. 3.Genting   Berhard   is   a   Malaysian   conglomerate,   with   holdings   in   plantations   and  tourist  resorts. The  beta  estimated  for  the  firm,  relative  to  the  Malaysian   stock   exchange,   is   1. 15,   and   the   long? term   government   borrowing   rate   in   Malaysia  is  11. 5%. (Malaysian  risk  premium  is  12%). a. Estimate  the  expected  return  on  the  stock. b. If   you   were   an   international   investor,   what   concerns,   if   any,   would   you   have   about   using   the   beta   estimated   relative   to   the   Malaysian index? If  you  do,  how  would  you  modify  the  beta? . The  expected  return  on  the  stock,  assuming  that  the  marginal  investor  is  a   Malaysian  with  primarily  domestic  holdings  is  0. 115  +  1. 15(0. 12)   =  25. 30%,  using   the  risk  premium  based  on  country  risk  provided  by  ratings  agencies. b. For  an  international  investor,  who  has  the  ability  to  diversify  globally,  some  of   the  risk  might  be  diversifiable,  and  hence  the  true  beta  might  be  lower. To  take   care  of  this  possible  overstatement,  it  would  be  appropriate  to  compute  a  beta   relative  to  a  more  global  index,  such  as  the  Morgan  Stanley  Capital  Index. . You  have  just  done  a  regression  of  monthly  stock  returns  of  Heavy  Tech  Inc. ,   a  manufacturer  of  heavy  machinery,  on  monthly  market  returns  over  the  last   five  years  and  come  up  with  the  following  regression:  Ã‚   RHeavyTech=0. 5%+1. 2RM 2 The  variance  of  the  stock  is  50%,  and  the  variance  of  the  market  is  20%. The   current  T. bill  rate  is  3%. (It  was  5%  one  year  ago). The  stock  is  currently  selling   for  $50,  down  $4  over  the  last  year,  and  has  paid  a  dividend  of  $2  during  the   last  year  and  expects  to  pay  a  dividend  of  $2. 50  over  the  next  year.The  New   York  Stock  Exchange  (NYSE)  composite  has  gone  down  8%  over  the  last  year,   with  a  dividend  yield  of  3%. HeavyTech  Inc. has  a  tax  rate  of  40%. a. What  is  the  expected  return  on  HeavyTech  over  the  next  year? b. What  would  you  expect  HeavyTech’s  price  to  be  one  year  from  today? c. What  would  you  have  expected  HeavyTech’s  stock  returns  to  be  over   the  las t  year? d. What  were  the  actual  returns  on  HeavyTech  over  the  last  year? e. HeavyTech  has  $100  million  in  equity  and  $50  million  in  debt. It  plans   to   issue   $50   million   in   new   equity   and   retire   $50   million   in   debt. Estimate  the  new  beta.

Classroom Discipline And Management Literature Review

Classroom discipline and management literature review Introduction It is a fact that classroom management and discipline has always been a challenge to pre-service teachers as they do not know and have not acquired the necessary skills to deal with unruly learners effectively. Often so, teachers in service use strategies that are incorrect or rather unacceptable; whether this is done intentionally or under certain desperation to gain control and respect of the learners. It is prevalent across the globe. Although the South African system has used corporal punishment for many years to maintain discipline and management in the classroom; there have always been other alternative ways which are effective and better as opposed to the harsh way of discipline. The Constitution of South Africa specifically banned the use of this harsh treatment because of the awareness that children are vulnerable and defenceless; therefore they are the ones who are at risk of being victims of crime, beatings and psychological trauma that are an ultimate result of being bull ied by adults. My claim is that strategies used to maintain classrooms in public schools are not acceptable if they cause a negative effect to the development of our children. And I will argue that there are other alternatives that could be used to make sure that the classes run smooth and without causing any intimidation to either the learners or teachers in this industry, as the South African Journal of Education mentions thatShow MoreRelatedAmerican Educational System1220 Words   |  5 PagesName: Monroe, C.R., Obidah, J.E. (2004). The influence of cultural synchronization on a teacher’s perceptions of disruption. A case study of an African American middle- school classroom. Journal of Teacher Education, 55, 256-268. I. Statement of the Problem a. Ressearch Topic The topic is how to discipline students. The authors state, â€Å"student responses to teachers’ disciplinary techniques can be unpredictable and require quick reactions on the part of the teacher.† This sets the contextRead MoreA Study Of Teaching Classroom Discipline / Management Techniques Essay1551 Words   |  7 PagesCAPSTONE ANALYSIS Background The chosen capstone to analyze was titled A Study of Teaching Classroom Discipline/Management Techniques in Five Physical Education Teacher Preparation Programs in Missouri Written by David Theodore Oatman in 1988. 1. Describe the overall purpose of the study, and the specific research questions. In some papers, these will be stated up front. In others, you may have to make inferences. At times, even when the author gives the research purpose, you may think of additionalRead MoreMy Professional Practice Setting1451 Words   |  6 Pageschild with BESD and Autism. I then had to make the transition to be the main classroom teacher. This change had implications which I needed to overcome. Aggressive and threatening behaviour isn’t something I have come across in school, without exception. Having had discussions with colleagues from different faculties, this is evident across whole-school. With this in mind my predominant area of focus for behaviour management will be low level disruption and the strategies I have put in place to discourageRead MoreEvaluation Of A Research On Management Education1516 Words   |  7 PagesThank you for your submission to Journal of Management Education, â€Å"Criticality in Management Education: What It Is and What It Is Not† (JME-16-0084-ETR). I have completed the evaluation of your paper by soliciting reviews from three experts, who assessed the potential contribution to management education research. Based on their assessment and mine, I would like to offer a high risk revise and resubmit for this manuscript. As I understand it from my reading and the reviewers’ comments, the aimRead MoreClassroom Management For Early Childhood Education1000 Words   |  4 Pagesexplored by this study is classroom management for early childhood education. In general, the literature seems to indicate that effectiveness of classroom management. The information presents skills necessary for teachers to use to become successful in the classroom. Some research calls for a series of steps for one to take teachers to become successful in the classroom. Each task varies from teacher to teacher, but overall to have complete success with classroom management one must practice, practiceRead MoreAnalysis Of The Administration And Counseling Department At Santa Susan High School752 Words   |  4 Pagesstudents and programs offered an informal questionnaire was provided to each teacher with the purpose to gather information. The questionnaire was designed to identify possible gaps, social and emotional issue s that may be hindering learning in the classroom and conflicts that may be occurring between staff/students and students/students. Information was also gathered from the School Accountability Report Card (SARC). During the 2015/2016 school year, the total enrollment for grades ninth through twelfthRead MoreReview Of Related Literature On Classroom Management1579 Words   |  7 PagesChapter 2 Review of Related Literature Introduction to Classroom Management In the field of teaching, teachers are known to have multiple titles such as a lesson planner, teacher, and a classroom manager. It is important that teachers have a year where the students are learning rather than the teacher having to discipline the class over again about the classroom and school rules. Therefore, teachers need to establish an appropriate classroom management tool for the classroom where students are readyRead MoreThe Limitations Of Science Education1394 Words   |  6 Pagestaking them to nature to explain a biology topic†¦.. The second limitation that affects students learning is the classroom management. In most times we meet some teachers that can’t manage their classroom but effective teaching and learning cannot take place in a poorly managed classroom. Effective classroom management is generally based on the principle of establishing a positive classroom environment encompassing effective teacher-student relationships (Wubbels, Brekelmans, Van Tartwijk, AdmiraalRead MoreThe Importance of an Efficient Group Work Activity 1807 Words   |  7 PagesÄ °stek Semiha Åžakir High School. From my observations, there are several problems in classroom environment; however, inefficient group work activities are one of the most common problem in classes during my observations. It is so crucial problem, as it is accepted that group work helps students to enhance speaking skill by working together and communicating with each other. Group work and pair work is a class management strategy and the teachers’ role is facilitator. This role in group work is very difficultRead MoreStudent Is An Effective Teacher971 Words   |  4 Pagesconfident, passionate, inquisitive, creative, innovative, collaborative, free of prejudice and discrimination, and understands the impact of the teacher-student relationship. Therefore, if we are to prepare pre-service teachers’ on the pathway to classroom success for the 21st century, we need university teacher preparation programs to establish effective program methodologies that educate beginning teachers on how to be confident, passionate, inquisitive, creative, innovative, collaborative, free