Lifespan Perspectives - 1061 Words

Lifespan perspectives ***** ******** Psy/375 June 25, 2012 ***** ******* Lifespan perspectives Although humans seem very different from one another, each human develops partly like everyone else, yet partly like no one else. Most of the time human’s attention is focused on one another’s unique qualities instead of realizing how similar humans really are. In fact, as humans, almost everyone has traveled some similar path. People such as, President Barack Obama, Joan of Arc, and Marilyn Monroe shared similar paths of life span development. Each one began to walk at approximately age one, began to talk sentences at about age four, as young children they played with toys while imagination worked wonders, and as young adults they†¦show more content†¦Although irrational, many of these drives originated during childhood. According to this theory a child’s first six years of life is divided into three stages. These three stages, characterized by a type of sexual pleasure, are as follows, oral stage, anal stage, and phallic stage. Oral stage is present during infancy. It holds the idea that the mouth is the erotic body part. The anal stage, present throughout toddlerhood, holds the idea that the anus is the erotic body part. The last stage, phallic stage, is present during the preschool years. This stage holds the idea that the child’s libido declares his or her genitalia as their erogenous zone. After these three stages there is latency, and then genital stage (Berger, 2008). John B. Watson introduced the second grand theory of behaviorism. This theory opposed the ideas of unconscious and hidden urges. Watson argued that the study of psychology should focus on what we can see and measure instead of what we cannot (Berger, 2008). Behaviorists seek to understand how environmental responses and simple actions shape our development and decisions. Behaviorists believe that human behavior is learned. This belief gives behaviorists the second title of learning theorists (Berger, 2008). Behaviorist Ivan Pavlov introduced the ideas of classical and operant conditioning as ways that humans and other species learn. Classical conditioning promotes the idea that a positive orShow MoreRelatedThe Psychoanalytic Theory Of Human Development Research1074 Words   |  5 Pagesthroughout the lifespan. Initially being constrained to infants and children, it has now been extended to include a wider range of a person’s lifespan (Berk, 2014, p. 3). This field studies topics like the theoretical perspective theories that are used in human development research. The Psychoanalytic perspective theory focuses on the emotional and social development, Piaget’s Cognitive-Developmental theory accents the changes in thinking, while the Behaviorism and Social Learning and the Lifespan perspectiveRead MoreLifespan Development : Cognitive, And Personal And Social Development1717 Words   |  7 PagesLifespan Psychology Introduction Lifespan Development is the field of study that examines patterns, modes of growth, change, and stability in behavior that occur throughout the entire lifespan of an individual. There are so many things to keep in mind about Lifespan Psychology; 1. Lifespan Psychology is a scientific, developmental approach that focuses on human development. 2. Scientists who study the lifespan know that neither heredity nor environment alone can account for the full range of humanRead MoreFreud s Theory Of Psychosocial Development1437 Words   |  6 Pages The lifespan perspective is crucial for understanding human development. There are many different perspectives on the lifespan and the lifespan has been broken down in many different ways. A variety of scholars and theorists have proposed unique perspectives on lifespan. Sigmund Freud’s theory of psychosocial development considered five lifespan stages; oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital (Rathus, 2014). Erik Erikson expanded Freud’s theory with a psychosocial perspective on developmentRead MoreLife Span Human Development Paper748 Words   |  3 Pageshttp://www.slideshare.net 1% match (Internet from 3/31/10) http://answers.google.com Life Span Perspective Paper : To understand change in life is probably one of the most important aspects of human development. Our perspective on life and understanding the changes that occur during the different stages of the human life is the key to understanding why we tick and operate the way we do. Lifespan perspective is a key to understanding this and is something a person must do basically lifelong. Life developmentRead MoreJustin s School s Principal Office1353 Words   |  6 Pageseither because of positive or negative reinforcements, the social learning way. As my education increases and so does my thinking. I did not give up on the social learning theory view but broaden a bit more to fit my other shade of glasses, the lifespan perspective. It is not only continuous but it is also discontinuous. Like social learning theory it has many possible courses and influenced by the whole biological, psychological, and social forces. It also is both nature and nurture. This theory is aRead MoreDevelopmental Tasks Of Adolescence And Development871 Words   |  4 Pagesfully understand 5, Physical development, motor development, Cognitive development, information processing, and language development. Each child will undergo different physical changes in development according to our text Development Through The Lifespan, â€Å"Children grow slower in early childhood and they become longer and leaner† (216). Growth centers will emerge within the skeleton and as baby fat falls off, children gradually become thinner. Along with physical develo pment the skeletal growthRead More The Course of Human Evolution Essay1675 Words   |  7 Pagesexternal forces mentioned earlier may strengthen over a long period of time and that may affect development of the species. However, there is evidence indicating that, even though these factors have benefitted human evolution, resulting in extended lifespans, there appears to be some tradeoffs between the costs and benefits to the species. For example, Shanley and Kirkwood, (2000 as cited in Kaplan et al., 2003) state that, even when there is plenty of food during the later life cycle, when young ratsRead MoreHuman Sexuality Essay1547 Words   |  7 PagesWhy use of contraception in accordance with your needs is associate with physical and mental well-being throughout the lifespan. Although the argument can be made that people are never truly ready to have children, it is clear that timing is everything for humans when it comes to reproduction. Unplanned teen pregnancies create a vicious cycle of welfare motherhood that is difficult to break unless contraception is used to prevent these pregnancies in the first place. Using contraceptives responsiblyRead MoreFour Areas of Communication990 Words   |  4 PagesI have discovered some very interesting facts about the four areas of communication: interpersonal, lifespan, health, and persuasive communication. I found these facts while searching on the internet using many different search engines. I will share these facts that caught my attention with you and let you know where you can learn more about these areas of communication. Interpersonal communication is when we engage in communication with another person, to gain information about them. ThisRead MoreSigmund Freud And Erik Erikson1110 Words   |  5 PagesThe psychoanalytic perspective was predominantly attained by parents of children with emotional problems 70- 80 decades ago. The discontinuous psychosexual and psychosocial theory takes place in stages in one course moving through drives that are biological along with societal expectations (Berk, 2013). The contributions to this perspective include both Sigmund Freud and Erik Erikson. Freud examined psychosexual theory and how those first childhood years of drives shape the personality. Thus, such

Nuclear Energy And Fossil Fuel - 992 Words

Throughout centuries the debate on what is better the use of nuclear energy or the using of fossil fuel? People over the years have been debating on a realistic way on saving energy but also having an efficient amount of energy to generate millions of homes and places. The two sources of energy that are mostly used are nuclear energy and fossil fuels. Often people say that nuclear energy is the best approach while others believe it is the burning of fossil fuels. These two sources of energy have their own pros and cons when it comes to this debate. Nuclear energy is a source that supplies electricity the way it does this is according to NNR or the National Nuclear Regulator is that the energy is released during nuclear fission or fusion. The releasing of these energies is taken in a facility called nuclear power plants. In a recent World Statistics taken by the NES (Nuclear Energy Summit) nuclear power plants provided 10.9 percent of the world s electricity production in 2012. Also in 2014, 13 countries relied on nuclear energy to supply at least one-quarter of their total electricity. Countries including France that use up to 76.9% and Sweden using 41.5%. Nuclear energy is efficient also relatively cheap the initial construction costs of nuclear power plants are large. However when first built the costs that is left is to enrich and process the nuclear fuel control and get ride of nuclear waste. The reason this is an advantages is that nuclear energy is cost-competitive.Show MoreRelatedEssay on Nuclear Energy as an Alternative for Fossil Fuels2822 Words   |  12 Pages The need for nuclear energy is more widespread today than it has been for decades. Drastic climate change and the rising prices of fossil fuels such as oil have made many scientists seek an alternative energy source. Although nuclear energy has been around for decades, the use of it has always been approached by pessimism. Because, the misuse of nuclear energy could spell disaster for any country involved in the process. Events like Three Mile Island, Chernobyl, and Japan’s Fukushima accident areRead More Replacement of Fossil Fuels with Nuclear Energy for Electricity1399 Words   |  6 PagesReplacement of Fossil Fuels with Nuclear Energy for Electricity ABSTRACT Our nation is on the brink of an energy crisis and alternative means to produce electricity must be found. Fossil fuel resources are declining sharply and nuclear energy is the leading form of replacement. Our research shows that the advantages to this new energy source are extraordinary and that there are many ways to minimize its negative aspects. Due to the overwhelming advantages, we have concluded that nuclear energy is indeedRead MoreThe Environmental Benefits of Utilizing Nuclear Energy Rather Than Fossil Fuel Energy2599 Words   |  11 PagesThe world’s largest source of emission-free energy is nuclear energy. Energy sources like solar power, wind power, and hydro electric power are also good ways to produce clean energy; however, when it comes down to it they can’t produce the capacity of energy the world needs. The two largest problems with fossil fuels are that they are running out and produce greenhouse gases when burned. Greenhouse gases are gases that absorb and emit radiation inside the atmosphere. The main greenhouse gases inRead MoreNuclear Energy : Nuclear Power1251 Words   |  6 Pages What is Nuclear Power? Nuclear power uses nuclear fission to release nuclear energy which creates heat that can then be used in nuclear power stations to provide electricity. In nuclear fission, the nucleus splits apart generating large amounts of energy. Nuclear fusion is also an excellent energy source because it produces no greenhouse gases or combustion products which are not radioactive. The drawback is that it takes too much energy so we are sticking to nuclear fission. Nuclear power a controversialRead MoreThe Energy Source Of Nuclear Power1003 Words   |  5 PagesNuclear Power It is no question that the US is incredibly reliant on energy. In 2014 alone, the US used 98.324 quadrillion BTUs of energy. According to the US Energy Information Administration, Roughly 82% of that was fossil fuels. Renewable resources accounted for 10%, including solar, wind, hydroelectric, and more, and the remaining 8% was nuclear power. This energy powered our televisions and drove our cars. Unfortunately, our reliance on fossil fuels brings with it serious side effects, includingRead MoreNew Energy for the Future1358 Words   |  6 PagesNew Energy for the Future For years man has relied on energy in order to be successful in life. The industrial revolution relied on coal for the new inventions brought into the world. Life as has never been the same since then. However since that time, there has been little done to improve on energy efficiency and humans still primarily rely on fossil fuels for energy. For over a hundred years the Earth has become more polluted and dirtier than ever before. Now, with new, innovative technology thereRead MoreNuclear Fusion And Nuclear Energy Essay1638 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction:  ¬Nuclear energy is energy in the nucleus (core) of an atom. Atoms are tiny particles that make up every object in the universe. There is enormous energy in the bonds that hold atoms together. Nuclear energy can be used to make electricity. But first the energy must be released. It can be released from atoms in two ways: nuclear fusion and nuclear fission. In nuclear fusion, energy is released when atoms are combined or fused together to form a larger atom. This is how the sun producesRead MoreNuclear Energy, A Better Energy Source?995 Words   |  4 PagesNuclear Energy, a Better Energy Source? Over the last decades, there’s been a worldwide debate over leaning off the use of fossil fuel, our main source of energy. Fossil fuel has been the world’s prime energy source and this has caused earth to becoming polluted. Because of this many suggest to change the way we make energy. Many say the energy used to substitute fossil fuel is nuclear energy. Nuclear energy is made from from uranium, which is highly radioactive. Although this route may sound goodRead MoreNuclear Power Is The Most Viable Replacement For Fossil Fuel1590 Words   |  7 PagesHallerbach Mr. Munson 5* Honors English 7 March 2016 Nuclear Power is the most Viable Replacement for Fossil Fuel The use of fossil fuels as a primary source of power is poisoning our world, and nuclear power is just the way to stop this. Nuclear power is using the process of nuclear fission to create electricity. Nuclear fission is the splitting of a uranium atom to release massive amounts of energy. When this process takes place in a nuclear reactor, the energy is used to superheat water which is pumpedRead MoreThe United States And Fossil Fuels1117 Words   |  5 PagesThe United States relies heavily on fossil fuels as its main source of energy and with the limited supply, we ll have to develop and utilize alternative sources for clean, renewable, cheap and effective energy to power this country and the world into the future. It will be important for the health of our planet to utilize renewable resources that have no greenhouse gas emission. Out of necessity the world will eventually need to stop using fossil fuels for energy. There are many states that rely

African Civilization Free Essays

string(111) " people must take advantage of the rich terrains, reason why some areas are so populated as opposed to others\." Chapter 1 Physical Context of African History: Geography and Environment 1. Although some may think of Africa as being of a single climate and terrain description, in reality a wide variety of land types can be found throughout Africa. How does this wide variety of climates and physical terrains affect human life and settlement patterns on the African continent? Different terrains and climates allowed for different lifestyles for Africans in different regions. We will write a custom essay sample on African Civilization or any similar topic only for you Order Now Those close to the sea were susceptible to invasion, but had the advantage of maritime trade. Those living more in land were isolated but protected by the diseases visitors would contract that did not affect the locals. Due to the fact that Africa is so massive, it has many different climates and terrain types. Some are more favorable to living conditions for humans and some not so much such as the Sahara Desert. Page Ref: 4-8 Topic: Physical Features of the Continent 2. Despite its large size, much of Africa has a very low population density. What are the reasons that most of Africa’s population is crowded in a few small regions? This is due to the fact that there are a few areas in which the soil is not poor. Areas such as volcanic highlands; in which are cooler and have richer soils, allowing for important crops to grow. Page Ref: 8-9 Topic: Challenges of the African Environment 3. What factors limit the agricultural viability of land in Africa? Why is this seen more in some parts of the continent than in others? Assess how these factors would most likely affect human populations in Africa. There are parts of Africa in which the soil is very poor due to years of inactivity. This makes it harder for farmers to tend and grow crops. Other parts get barely any rain or too much rain. Human population would be more prominent in areas where there is good soil, allowing for the flourishing of society. Page Ref: 9 4. How has the presence of disease in Africa served as both a positive and a negative factor throughout its history? Diseases in Africa served as a positive in that it protected Africans from invasions. Outsiders who tried to invade where not accustom to tropical parts of the Country which carried many diseases. The locals were born in raised in these areas which made them fair better as their immune systems were adapted to these diseases. Page Ref: 9-12 5. There are several primary differences between malaria and yellow fever in terms of their effects on humans. Considering the differences between the two, which disease would have had a greater effect on preventing foreign intervention and advancement in Africa? When supporting your answer, consider the effect these diseases had on indigenous populations as well. Yellow Fever would have the greater effect on preventing foreign invasion. This is true because unlike malaria Africans usually contract yellow fever as kids and become immune to it, unlike outsiders who are not. Malaria is both equally fatal to outsiders as it is to locals, especially cerebral malaria. Page Ref: 9-11 6. Assess the role of trypanosomiasis in the formation of the African economy. Provide specific examples to support your assessment. Trypanosomiasis affected the formation of the African economy by the way it affected animals. Due to the fact that this disease killed many animals, areas in which the disease was prevalent would hurt the local economy. It prevented people in these areas to keep cattle which were important for their livelihoods. Additionally, the fact that this disease was cruel to Horses, the military would be affected as well, due to the sheer importance of horses for military uses. 7. Consider explanations given for the rising number of cases of trypanosomiasis in the recent past. What effects do you feel this increase and the cause behind it would have on life in Africa amongst native populations as well as foreign settlers? As long as there are areas that are depopulated, tsetse flies will begin to redeveloped in these areas. This will cause cattle to die out and affect the local and foreign farmers. Page Ref: 12 8. Despite very similar climates, the histories of Africa and Australia and its surrounding islands have been very different. Consider the theory presented in the text to explain this reality, and assess how it can be applied to North America. This can be applied to North America, due to the fact that as climates and terrains change and diseases take a toll on population, one must adapt with the environment in which we live in. Page Ref: 12-13 Topic: The African Environment in Global Perspective . Consider how Africa’s geography has changed over time. What positive and negative effects would these changes have had on human populations on the continent? As their new homes changed they were able to adapt due to their innovative mindset. This can be attributed to the new found organization thanks to language. Allowing Africans to grow and expand throughout the entire continent. Other factors that can be attributed are the change in geography for some parts such as the Sahara drying out and swamps and lakes disappeared. Page Ref: 4-8 Topic: Physical Features of the Continent 0. Compare African geography to North American geography. Despite any similarities, significant differences exist in agricultural patterns and population density. What are the reasons for these differences, and how do they reflect the uniqueness of Africa? Africa is an extremely big continent and because of this there are many different climates and terrains. North America can fit three times in the continent of Africa. Although North America has a vast set of climates and terrains as well, it does not have to deal with the sheer size of Africa in order to flourish. North America also tends to get an even amount of rain throughout the continent, unlike Africa. In Africa the people must take advantage of the rich terrains, reason why some areas are so populated as opposed to others. You read "African Civilization" in category "Essay examples" Page Ref: 4-8 Chapter 2 Africa and Human Origins 1. How did the theories espoused by biologists such as Carl Linnaeus and Charles Darwin alter previous perceptions of human origins and animal life on earth? What role do you believe these theories had in establishing Africa as the original home of human life on earth? Both Carl and Charles believed that humans adapted from a primates. This way of thinking that humans adapted from a past species due to environmental changes, got the ball rolling on a way of thinking involving evolution. As a result of the remains of a skeleton that was found in Germany that could not be identified. This seemed to give proof to the idea of adaptation. Because the earliest human ancestor specimen remains were found in Africa, gave light to it being the origin of human life on earth. Page Ref: 15-16 Topic: Evolutionary Perspectives on Human Origins and the Notion of Race . Why do paleontologists believe that fossils of creatures such as Australopithecus africanus and Homo erectus are ancestors of modern humans? Do you find this evidence to be credible? Why or why not? I do find the evidence to be credible due to the many similarities between their structure and ours. As we have found through history, that all living things adapt to their environment. We are just a mor e adapted form of these fossils. Page Ref: 16-19 Topic: Evolutionary Perspectives to the 1980s 3. What effect did the mobility of Homo erectus have on the course of human history? Why is this important, and what does it signal about its role in evolutionary biology? The mobility of Homo erectus allowed for the developments of tools such as the Acheulean. They also were the first to expand into different environments, allowing for expansion and population growth. This affected human history in a great way, because their expansion allowed for the growth and survival of the human race. Page Ref: 18-19 4. What potential flaws do you see with the Multiregional model of human development? Assess the evidence in support of this model. The evidence that an extra evolution only passed through Europe is sketchy. There is nothing to prove that Neanderthals only existed in Europe and nowhere else. All past Homo species eventually evolved into what we are today. That should show us that we are all equal and no race is superior to the other. Page Ref: 19 5. How have paleontological discoveries made within the past few decades contributed to our knowledge about the origins and evolution of modern humans? Were these all in Africa? What might explain this? Through the discovery of the past fossils it gave us proof of human evolution through time. Not all were found in Africa as there was one found in Germany for example. However it appears that the oldest fossils we evolved from are indeed found in Africa. Page Ref: 19-22 Topic: New Perspectives and Debates since the 1980s 6. How does the â€Å"Out of Africa† model differ from the â€Å"Multiregional model†? What evidence exists to show that one is probably more accurate than the other? The main difference is that in the Out of Africa model; most of the evolution took place in Africa. While in the Multiregional model evolution occurred in isolation in different areas of the world. And additionally, there was an extra evolution step in Europe. Most of the fossil evidence supports the Out of Africa model and most experts agree in that all humans derive from Africa originally. Page Ref: 19, 21-22 Topic: Evolutionary Perspectives to the 1980s, New Perspectives and Debates since the 1980s 7. The issue of race has long been controversial in evolutionary biology and related fields of study. What does the â€Å"Out of Africa† model contribute to the debate on race, and what does it mean for theories on race as a biological construct? This model states that all humans are the same race essentially (African) and it does not matter what color skin we are if the origins all trace back to Africa. The theories of race are only about individuality and social and political classes. At the end of the day everybody is just one race: human. Page Ref: 22 Topic: Questioning Race 8. What is the significance of Neanderthal fossils? How do these differ from other fossils, and how have they contributed to ideas regarding race and racial superiority? Neanderthal fossils are the closest fossils to the human race. They have the closest skull measurements, essentially making them closest to being as smart as humans today. Neanderthals since the 1980’s are considered the end of an evolution for a species that is radically different from modern humans. However, before this determination the Europeans viewed the Neanderthals as an example of racial superiority. Page Ref: 19 Topic: Evolutionary Perspectives to the 1980s 9. Where do early ideas about race and race specific characteristics originate? What does this signify about Europeans prior to the development of evolutionary biology and related theories regarding the development of racial differences? They originated from the scientist trying to find proof of races superiority over another one. Europeans were trying to justify racial segregation, denial of rights, and colonial rule. Page Ref: 15-16 Topic: Evolutionary Perspectives on Human Origins and the Notion of Race 10. How has the Human Genome Project been used to establish Africa’s place in the story of human origins? What has it revealed, and what does it signify about evolutionary biology and the â€Å"Out of Africa† model? It proved that all human population shares an incredibly close genetic relationship. It also proved that humans lived in Africa longer than any other part of the world. This discovery gives scientific support in that all humans races originate in Africa. Page Ref: 21-22 Topic: New Perspectives and Debates since the 1980s How to cite African Civilization, Essay examples

Analysis Of The Strategic Management Accounting †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Strategic Management Accounting. Answer: Introduction The present report aims to present an analysis of the strategic management functions of the Regis Healthcare Limited. The Regis Healthcare Limited is recognized to be the largest ASX listed Residential Aged Care (RACs) having a market share of about 2.5%. The company aims to become an innovative, dynamic and creative industry leader through providing high quality aged services through effective management (Regis Healthcare Limited, 2017). In this context, this report analyses the strategic management of the Regis Healthcare Limited in detail on the perspective of a Strategic Management Accountants (SMA). Value Chain of Regis Healthcare Limited through the Use Of Strategic Management Tools Regis Healthcare Limited operates in healthcare industry and as such the term value for the company indicates its speed, quality, cost and availability of healthcare services. The value chain of the company can be enhanced through the application of strategic management tools of value chain analysis. The value chain analysis (VCA) refers to the method adopted by a firm to identify its primary and secondary activities that helps in developing the valuable products and services for the customers. The goal of this strategic management tool is to segregate the most valuable activities within the firm such as operations, logistics, marketing form the support activities that are, infrastructure, technology and others. The value chain of the healthcare company will consist of activities similar to that of other industries such as manufacturers, wholesalers, distributors, providers, professionals (nurses, midwives) and payers (heath consumers). These all can be stated to be the primary activ ities of the healthcare company that plays a vital role for it to achieve competitive advantage in the marketplace (Ginter, 2013). The value chain of Regis Healthcare Limited can be depicted as follows: Examination and Implementation of techniques for Developing, Implementing and Monitoring Strategies The techniques for developing, implementing and monitoring healthcare strategies can be described as follows: Developing Strategies: The techniques for developing healthcare strategies are examining the medical history of patients that helps in identification of the healthcare services to be provided to the patients. This is followed by carrying out the specific tests for proper identification of the healthcare problem and then developing a healthcare strategy for the treatment of a specific problem. Implementation: The implementation can be done by performing the treatment procedures for the patients such as counselling of patients or providing them specific type of medical help as required by the patients. Monitoring: The monitoring strategies include reviewing the condition of the patients on a continuous basis in order to examine the impact of treatment procedures on the patients. This helps in modifying the treatment procedures as per the patients condition (Swayne et al., 2012). Strategic management cycle and the Leadership Role of Professional Accountants in Strategic Management The strategic management cycle of the Regis Healthcare will consist of the following steps: Setting of Goals: This is the most essential step as it requires the identification of adequate healthcare goals that is to be achieved by the company. This can be improving access to care, reducing healthcare cost pr providing speedy care services. Developing Strategy for Enhancing Value: This includes developing specific strategies for achieving the goal determined for adding value to the healthcare services such as measuring cost and outcomes of each patient, adequate structuring by developing integrated practice units, expanding the geographical reach of the company or using high technology medical equipments. Execution: This is the last step that involves developing specific plans for implementing the strategies developed (Ginter, 2013). The role of healthcare professional accountants is very important in the strategic planning of the healthcare company such as Regis Healthcare Limited. The professional accountants are responsible for cost management through developing healthcare budgets that help in maintaining an adequate balance between the cost and expenditure. The development of financial budgets helps in eliminating the unnecessary costs those significantly increases the costs of the healthcare facilities (Swayne et al., 2012). Role of organization and Industry Value Chain Analysis The role of healthcare firms such as Regis Healthcare Limited is very important in improving the health condition of the aged population of the Australia. These healthcare firms help in promoting the welfare of the senior citizens of the country through increasing their access to healthcare services at reduced cost. The value chain analysis of the healthcare industry consists of the primary and secondary activities. The primary activities consist of the most important functions that help it to attain a competitive advantage such as manufacturers, wholesalers, distributors, providers, professionals (nurses, midwives) and payers (heath consumers). The secondary activities consist of the government legislations and technologies that impact the carrying out of primary activities. The company through identifying the primary activities can develop effective strategies to reduce the cost of healthcare facilities that enables it to achieve competitive advantages. The reduction in the cost of healthcare facilities is important for the companies operating in Australian healthcare sectors as this is the most serious issue faced by the industry in the present context. The secondary activities of the companys value chain can consist of government policies, technology and some other industries such as insurance companies. These all also plays a significant role in maintaining the quality and cost of healthcare services through interacting with the primary activities (Huda, 2016). Characteristics of effective strategic and corporate social responsibility related performance measurement and control systems The strategic performance of the company can be measured and controlled through the implementation of the Strategic Management System (SMS). The system will help in aligning the goals and objectives of the company as per the resources available. The strategic measurement system is a measurement-oriented approach that helps in developing specific annual improvement targets for the company. The corporate social responsibility systems are necessary to be implemented in the healthcare companies for ensuring the welfare of the patients. The CSR systems would helps in promoting the transparency in the heath care organizations for achieving the trust of the patients. The CSR system that can be implemented in the healthcare organizations are waste management system and effective governance system. The healthcare companies through reducing the waste elimination can promote the welfare of the existing societies as they generate waste materials on large amount. Also, the governance system will enable development of standard guidelines and procedures for the healthcare professionals to carry out their job roles for ensuring the quality services to be provided to the patients (Lachman, 2005). Strategic Management Accounting Techniques The healthcare professionals need to develop a proper budget for estimating the costs and expenses related to the healthcare projects. The professional accountants have an important role of developing financial budgets that helps in identification of the costs and expenses related with a project. The development of the budgets helps in section of the most appropriative cost management strategy for reducing the costs of the healthcare services of the company. The rising cost of the healthcare service is the most important issue faced by the healthcare industry of the Australia. Therefore, it is most important for the professional accounts to implement the cost management strategies through developing the financial budgets. It will help in reducing the operational cost through eliminating the insignificant business operations and therefore improving the profitability of the healthcare companies. Therefore, it can be said that cost management is the most importantstrategic management ac counting technique required for selection, planning, implementation, control and monitoring of projects (Hankins and Baker, 2004). References Ginter, P. 2013. The Strategic Management of Health Care Organizations. John Wiley Sons. Hankins, R. and Baker, J. 2004. ManagementAccounting for Health Care Organizations: Tools and Techniques for Decision Support. Jones Bartlett Learning. Huda, F. 2016. The Impact of Strategic Management on the Performance of Health Care Organizations (A Study of Three Selected Tertiary Health Care Center of Karachi, Pakistan). Arabian J Bus Manag Review. Lachman, M. 2005. Strategic managementaccounting practices in hospitals: Empirical evidence on their dissemination under competitive market environments. Journal ofAccounting Organizational Change. Regis Healthcare Limited. 2017. What Investors Should Know About Regis Healthcare Limiteds (ASX:REG) Financial Strength? [Online]. Available at: https://simplywall.st/news/2017/01/26/what-investors-should-know-about-regis-healthcare-limiteds-asxreg-financial-strength/ [Accessed on: 13 October 2017]. Swayne, L. et al. 2012. Strategic Management of Health Care Organizations. John Wiley Sons.