Euthanasia is Moral Essay -- Argument for Euthanasia

Recent debates oer active euthanasia, killing a terminally illpatient, in Holland, has raised the question whether euthanasia isimmoral or a simple human right. Doctors seem to have no doubt. Theymade an oath. The definition of mercy killing depends on whether it is active orpassive. Active Euthanasia I only allowed in Holland, and it meansthat the doctor takes direct measures to put a patient to sleep,whereas passive Euthanasia only involves stopping pill consumption, orstopping treatment. In England, only passive Euthanasia is allowed.Euthanasia touches some of the deepest feelings in human beings. It isthe power over life and death, and responsibilities no one wishes totake, have to be taken. This, of cause, leads to the ultimatum, thatit is the patients own choice. But can we allow some one to taketheir own lives? Doesnt this mean that everyone else around thepatient has failed, that more could have been done? From the patientspoint of view, a lot of arguments talk in favour o f euthanasia. Forone, no body wants to be a burden. If a person has had a car accident,which paralyses him from neck and down, and is doomed to sit in awheelchair for the rest of his life, he knows that he will be 100% qualified on the ones that care for him, his lived ones, forever. Itcan also be mentioned that the life quality of a terminally illpatient, gets reduced a lot. Never being able to walk again, neverbeing able to talk to your children again, never being able to goshopping, swimming, playing, driving etc. must be terrible for anyone.The wholly situation only gets worse, if the patient himself can seethat his condition is worsening, and only time keeps his thoughtsclear. A third very importa... ... disease by killing the patient, as he believes. It allows thepatient to die in peace with no suffering. Steve Forbes callseuthanasia barbaric (31). Isnt it far more barbaric to force someoneto suffer kind of than helping them to end their misery?Euthanasia is ethical, and p hysicians should be allowed to assist init legally. My great-grandfather was terminally ill with cancer. Hecouldnt eat or sleep, he just determined there, constantly in pain. Therewas nothing they could do as far as cancer treatment, because his bodywas too old and weak. So, he suffered for almost 2 months, while weall watched him suffer more and more everyday as he lay there dying.He stated many times how he just wanted to die and didnt want to liveanymore. But, we (society) forced him to suffer. This is somethingthat should have never happened and should never happen again.

The Color Purple by Alice Walker Essay -- essays papers

The Color Purple by Alice pushchair The Color Purple by Alice Walker is the story of a poor black woman living in the south between World War 1 and World War 2. This was at a time when, although slavery had ended, galore(postnominal) women were still virtually in bondage, and had to put up with m any conditions that was reminiscent of the days of slavery. The problem was that they had to endure being tempered like an inferior being by their own families sometimes, as well as from the white people that lived there. It was a life that was filled with misery for many black women, and they felt helpless to do anything about their situations.The book focuses mainly on a woman named Celie, who has lived a hard life already when, at the age of 14 she begins writing letters to deity to have some i to confide in,and tell her thoughts and secrets to. In her first letter, she says I have al manners been a good girl. Maybe you bathroom give me a sign letting me know what is happening to me . (1) Already at that age she has been taking care of her brothers and sister, and has been work very hard at trying to get something of an education. On top of this, she has been raped by her father repeatedly because, as he says, You gonna do what your mammy wouldnt. (1) She has had two babies by him already, and hes taken both of them away right afterwards they were born. She thinks at first he might have killed one of them, but later finds out that he sold them to a couple in town. Celie doesnt do anything about her situation, because shes used to being tempered like that. Shes scared, and she fears for her sister Nettie too, when her Pa starts looking at her the same way. Eventually, a man referred to as Mr. ______ comes along and wants to marry Nettie, but hes too old for her, and ends up marrying Celie. He takes a couple of months to think it over, but goes ahead and marries her because he needs someone to watch over his kids, and besides, she forget bring the cow she was raising along. Its not so much he wants a relationship, he just wants someone to take care of things for him so he doesnt have to do much, and he wants something else when he wants it. Her father even tells Mr. ____ that She ugly... But she aint no stranger to hard work. And she clean. And God fixed her. You can do everything just like you want to and she aint gonna make you feed it or clothe it. (9) As soon ... ...inds that she can be happy and content having her own life, without being set like a doormat by others. She is finally truly happy with her life and the way it is going, except for one thing. Her life is complete when, after years of wondering about her sister, and then years of waiting, Nettie finally comes home, bringing their children, and Adams wife from Africa. As Celie puts it, I feel a little peculiar around the children. For one thing, they grown. And I see they think me and Nettie and Shug and Albert and Samuel and Harpo and Sophia and Jack and Odessa real old and preceptort know much what going on. But I dont think us feel old at all. And us so happy. Matter of fact, I think this the youngest us ever felt.(295) With her long lost sister, and her kids reunited with her after so much time, there really wouldnt be any other way to feel besides young again, except for maybe an urge to make up for lost time. Now that shes being treated like she should be, it should be easier to make up the time to her family, because she can be herself, and be happy about it. Thats saying a lot after all shes been through, and Celie will surely make the best of her from this point on.

Salem Essay -- essays research papers

ESSAY SALEM In 1692 in Salem Massachusetts a horrible chain of events occurred. A massive witch hunt began and a tidal wave of fear and suspicion swept over the tight knit Puritan town of Salem. A small group of girls began accusing the towns pack of witchcraft and the majority of the town believed these claims and full trials were held. If the accused victims did not confess to committing witchcraft it was more than likely that they would be put to death, hung in front of the town. Arthur Miller portrays this event in his novel The Crucible. The theme of indorsement and Power is vital in The Crucible because of the abuses of power, the need for affirm and the absolute belief in authority figures lead to the witch hunt. Throughout the witch hunt the abuses of power ar prevalent. The abuse was broad spectrum and everyone from the accusing girls to the forecast are involved. Abigail Williams is the leader of the girls. She begins this charade in order to save herself and the other girls from the punishment that they would have been handed down for them dancing in the woods. Abigail being a conniving girl sees the opportunity to save herself and seek revenge on people from the town who she feels "hate her and are trying to blacken her name in the community"(p.24 ). Abigail forces the other girls to go along with her plan by threatening them and forcing them to follow her "either of you breathe a word, or the edge of a word, around the other things, and I bequeath come to you in the black of some terrible night and I will bring a pointy reckoning that will shudder you "(p.20). Together the girls begin to destroy what was once a close community. Abigail is not alone in the abuses of power. The judge, Danforth has fallen under the girls spell and believes in them completely. Since he believes that the girls are right and decides that there is no way and accused person could actually be innocent. Due to this and judge Danforths ego he sends many people to their deaths still claiming innocence. Not only does Danforth refuse to hear op office to the existence of witchcraft he creates the front that anyone who doubts that witchcraft is in Salem is trying to demoralise the court (p. ). However it is apparent that he just does not want his authority to be questioned or his reputation tarnished. Danforth and Abigail are able to accomplish this becaus... .... Their beliefs that the girls are right has forced them to fear that they might be accused next. Abigail even dares say this to Danforth "Let you beware, Mr. Danforth. Think you be so mighty that the power of booby hatch may not turn your wits? Beware of it" (p.108) Danforth does not pay attention to this but other members of the community do. They are afraid to do or say anything against Abigail or the girls even though the town believes that the girls are telling the truth. The witch hunt that occurred in The Crucible can be attributed to the theme of Authority a nd Power and since the community believed in those in a position of power, the abuses that these people did and their need for control increased the severity of the events. Had the town not placed much(prenominal) power in the hands of these girls and in the hands of strangers such as Rev. Hale and judge Danforth many lives would have been saved. The beliefs of the town gave those in a position of power a want for control and they began to stop at nothing to achieve that. The massacre of innocent people in Salem is a tragical event in history which is portrayed quite accurately in Arthur Millers The Crucible. Word Count 1223

Lasers :: essays research papers

When mostpeople see a optical maser beam they be amazed by itsunique physical properties. Laser unprovoked is so uniquefrom other light because it is coherent unlikeordinary light, which travels in all directions, laserlight travels in a straight beam. The word laser isan acronym for Light Amplification by StimulatedEmission of Radiation. The history of the laser isvery interesting. Lasers have changed vastlysince they were first invented. Before the laser wasinvented, Charles Townes developed the maser in1954. The maser has basically the same principlesas the laser, but it involves microwaves instead oflight. The maser lead Theodore Maximan toassemble the first working laser in 1960 he didthis by applying the masers qualities to light. Thisfirst solid-state laser was a ruby crystal laser. Ayear after the first solid-state laser was invented,the first gas laser was constructed by Ali Javan,W. R. Bennett, and D. R. Herriot. This was ahelium-neon laser. The helium-neon laser is th emost common laser found today. Many othertypes of lasers have been invented since then the semiconducting material laser (1962), the chemical laser(1964), the liquid laser (1966), and the freeelectron laser (1977). All lasers work basically onthe same principles. First the atoms in thesubstance used are pumped. For example, thehelium and neon would be pumped in ahelium-neon laser. This is where the electrons ofthe atoms jump to higher orbitals, which havemore energy. The substance house be pumped byusing flashlamps, other lasers, atomic explosions,electric discharges, solar energy, and etc... Whenthe atoms are pumped, they perform stimulatedemission. This is where the electrons arestimulated by photons to use up coherent photonsof a single frequency and color. After the pumpingprocess, the oscillation process takes place. In thisprocess energy is amplified to make it strongerand more useful. This is done by peppy thephotons between two mirrors until they take place acertain int ensity. The two mirrors are one of 100percent efficiency and one of a lesser efficiency.When the photons reach the certain intensity, theyleave the mirror of lesser efficiency in a coherentbeam. There are basically four main types oflasers solid-state, gas, liquid, and semi-conductor.Solid-state lasers are made from a crystallinematerial such as ruby. The crystals have impuritiesin them that can be stimulated to release radiationin a coherent fashion. These impurities are neededto make the laser last for long periods of time. Ifthe crystals do not have impurities, then they canhave some added this is called "doping." Thecrystals in solid state lasers are usually pumped byusing flashlamps. Gas laser beams are much more

Nicotine Essay -- Cigarettes Addiction Tobacco Papers

NicotineCigarette smoking has been known for years to impair health of smokers and nonsmokers exposed to smoke in various slipway such as by damaging the lungs and circulatory system. Nicotine, present in mainstream and sidestream smoke, is believed to be one of the most toxic components of baccy. In 1994, David Kessler, commissioner of the FDA, launched an attack on tobacco companies, claiming they deliberately increased nicotine levels in cigarettes. Nicotine has been shown in various experiments to induce tolerance in smokers by its effects on the CNS and dopaminergic receptors. David Kessler believes nicotine to be addictive and desires the FDA to check nicotine as any drug such as cocaine. If the agency can prove that nicotine is addictive and that the manufacturers of tobacco products have control over the levels of nicotine in their products, the pathway is open to regulating cigarettes.Although there have been some experiment that disprove nicotines adverse effects, most studies point to nicotine as a very toxic agent. Nicotine is non essential to tobacco products. It is a naturally occurring slightly basic alkaloid with a pyridine and a pyrrolidine ring. It is estimated that the average smoker inhales with each puff, a dose of nicotine equivalent to .1mg nicotine condition intravenously. Nicotines pKa is 9. Its half-life is two hours. Nicotine is converted to its metabolites by the P450 enzyme system and by aldehyde oxidases. Nicotine and its metabolites, such as cotinine, Nnitrosomornicotinine (NNN), and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)1-butanone (NNK) are toxic to humans. As is shown in P4, many people in the United States smoke. The average mg of nicotine per cigarette has declined in the United States in the1980... ... of Epidemiology.124.633-640(1986). 23.Maritz et al. The Influence of Maternal Nicotine Exposure On the Interalveolar Septal Status of Neonatal betrayer Lung.Cell Biology International.18.747-754(1994).24.Rajini et al. Short- Term Effects of Sidestream Smoke On Respiratory Epithelial Cells of Mice Cell Kinetics.Experimental and Applied Toxicology.22.405-410.25.Maritz et al. Nicotine Exposure Responses of Type II Pneumocytes of Neonatal Rat Pups. American Journal of Pathology.82.124-136(1992) 26.Joad et al. Intrauterine Effects of Sidestream Cigarette Smoke Exposure On Lung Function, Hyperresponsiveness, and Neuroendocrine Cells In Rats.Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology.132.63-71(1994). 27.US Surgeon General(1982) The health Consequences of Smoking - Cancer.US Public Health Service PHHS.(PHS) 82-50179, US Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.

Nicotine Essay -- Cigarettes Addiction Tobacco Papers

NicotineCigarette smoking has been known for years to impair health of smokers and nonsmokers loose to smoke in various ways such as by damaging the lungs and circulatory system. Nicotine, present in mainstream and sidestream smoke, is believed to be one of the most toxic components of tobacco. In 1994, David Kessler, commissioner of the FDA, launched an attack on tobacco companies, claiming they deliberately increased nicotine levels in cigarettes. Nicotine has been shown in various experiments to induce tolerance in smokers by its effects on the CNS and dopaminergic receptors. David Kessler believes nicotine to be addictive and desires the FDA to regulate nicotine as any drug such as cocaine. If the agency can prove that nicotine is addictive and that the manufacturers of tobacco products get down control over the levels of nicotine in their products, the road is open to regulating cigarettes.Although there have been some experiment that disprove nicotines adverse effects, most s tudies point to nicotine as a very toxic agent. Nicotine is not essential to tobacco products. It is a naturally occurring slightly basic alkaloid with a pyridine and a pyrrolidine ring. It is estimated that the average smoker inhales with all(prenominal) puff, a dose of nicotine equivalent to .1mg nicotine given intravenously. Nicotines pKa is 9. Its half-life is two hours. Nicotine is converted to its metabolites by the P450 enzyme system and by aldehyde oxidases. Nicotine and its metabolites, such as cotinine, Nnitrosomornicotinine (NNN), and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)1-butanone (NNK) are toxic to humans. As is shown in P4, many people in the United States smoke. The average mg of nicotine per cigarette has declined in the United States in the1980... ... of Epidemiology.124.633-640(1986). 23.Maritz et al. The Influence of Maternal Nicotine Exposure On the Interalveolar Septal Status of Neonatal Rat Lung.Cell Biology International.18.747-754(1994).24.Rajini et al. Short -Term Effects of Sidestream Smoke On Respiratory Epithelial Cells of Mice Cell Kinetics.Experimental and Applied Toxicology.22.405-410.25.Maritz et al. Nicotine Exposure Responses of pillowcase II Pneumocytes of Neonatal Rat Pups. American Journal of Pathology.82.124-136(1992) 26.Joad et al. Intrauterine Effects of Sidestream Cigarette Smoke Exposure On Lung Function, Hyperresponsiveness, and Neuroendocrine Cells In Rats.Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology.132.63-71(1994). 27.US surgeon General(1982) The Health Consequences of Smoking - Cancer.US Public Health Service PHHS.(PHS) 82-50179, US Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.

Nordstrom SWOT Essay

Representing people with disabilities in their catalogs since 1997, which is rare. This is a strength because it represents in all customers of Nordstrom, not leaving out certain groups because of industry norms. This speaks volumes to all customers that Nordstrom recognizes them as individuals, just excessively, as OConnell mentioned in an interview, people with disabilities represent a significant grocery storeing opportunity with $225 billion in discretionary income and companies that agnise this allow for pick out a competitive advantage. Has a customer initiative attitude to differentiate Nordstrom from otherwise high-end retailers and discussion section stores and build customer loyalty. They are in a exceedingly competitive market involving high fashion, quality items at a premium price, tho their service is what drives their business in. They invest in high quality staff, greet customers by name, write personal thank you notes, make follow up calls about satisfac tion with products, take hold large well lit stores and fitting rooms, have a price match system, as well as a very lenient no questions return policy, all combined to cover their customers as satisfied as they can.Find a study that talks about service driving in customers, customer surveys, reports, etc. Nordstrom has different places and product lines to derive different market segments and keep up with trends. These include Rack, Haute Look, Treasure & Bond, and Trunk Club. This offers mid price markets opportunities to pith with regular high price markets, online exclusive shoppers to join the Nordstrom network and fashions, appeal to give-back shoppers, and gives men a new online shopping experienced linked to the perks of Nordstroms inventories and in store tailors. This is a strength of the company because it creates a larger customer base to represent and build markets in, allowing the company growth in a variety of disciplines that competitors are not hitting. Compar ed to retail apparel competitors, Nordstrom Inc. account Total Revenue increase in the 2 quarter 2014 by 6.13 % family on year. The sales growth was above Nordstrom Inc.s competitors average receipts growth of 0.99 %, recorded in the same quarter. With net margin of 5.4 % companyachieved higher profitability than its competitors.The Nordstrom Brand name and size are also strengths of the company. The Nordstrom brand has been around long enough to build relationships with suppliers and attain exclusive brands to carry, and establish lines of distri plainlyion, which puts them above new entrants because it is difficult to gain licensing for exclusive brands when you are not already established as well as establish your distri saveion system. They also have a size advantage having 118 original Nordstrom stores, 162 Nordstrom Rack locations, 2 Jeffrey boutiques, 1 clearance store and they also reach customers online in 96 countries through Nordstrom.com and reaching customers online through HauteLook and NordstromRack.com as well. The high brand awareness, and availability is what competes in plane section and apparel retail. The company carries unique products exceptional, high quality brands that are not going to be found at discount retailers to create the exclusive disembodied spirit for customers. They also new experiences and brands within the company through their Spa and Restaurants within some of the Nordstrom front-line stores.These differentiate Nordstrom from direct competitors, but also from restaurants competition by development quality, sustainability, and responsibility as their guide to the best experience. (http//wwwiebe.com/nordstrom-customer-service- prototypal/) Find article about competitors with restaurants and spas, and how this makes a difference compared to their revenues and restaurants too. Has established online presence in 96 countries and built network through their multiple websites for each store brand, built their own app to shop from your phone, and gotten involved in social media, more specifically Instagram with their Instalog while keeping all of this integrated with their mortar stores. They also understand that when you stop evolving with your customer, you die, as Jamie Nordstrom, president of stores, has said. They are building fulfillment centers to accommodate online shopping more quickly, use RFID chips to keep their perpetual inventory system for stores and online to share, and invested more into online growth than brick and mortar stores,knowing that this is where their growth is coming from.Over the next several years Nordstrom expects to derive half(a) of its sales from the Rack and from its online units, versus 38percent today, and thats because the U.S. Commerce Department estimates that electronic commerce amounted to 6.2 percent of total retail sales in the first quarter of 2014. Analysts have also been saying Nordstrom has thrived compared to competitors because it is a pioneer in perks like free shipping and also having the unique diversity of products online. Their expansion into Canada this year also gives them an advantage against competitors who have not branched out internationally yet. This opens their market up to Calgary shoppers, Canadas strong economy, an area underserved of luxuriousness items, shoppers who are acquainted(predicate) with the brand, and expectation to grow to a total of 5 Canadian stores within 2 years. If their expansion come ups in a positive way like their first opening, they get out continue to have this strength over their competitors.WeaknessesBecause Nordstrom focuses mainly on their customer service and does price matching on their items, they are at guess to be directly affected by price fluctuations and economic trends. The fluctuations in the market are out of Nordstroms control, but their choice of set dodge to match prices are internal choices that they are choosing to be vulnerable to. If they dont want this as a failing they would try to reinvent their pricing strategy to keep competitive pricing without matching competition because that is directly relative to the market. Offering free shipping does improve their customer loyalty, but it also comes with a high cost for the company. This is a weakness because they internally chose to make this sacrifice for the greater good of the company and take the hit on expense, but is hard to measure the direct set up of customer loyalty because offree shipping. Nordstrom has the opportunity to invest more into their credit business because many of their competitors have more resources in this area giving them an advantage. Their competition is external but the choice to not invest highly in their credit business is a weakness of Nordstrom. The company would have to look into how they allocate their resources to see if in that location is room to invest additionally into this sector of business and if it would bring sufficient benefit to them. O pportunitiesalready reaching 96 countries with their online retailing, Nordstrom continues to have room for growth in this area. New technology is keeping the market on their toes with ideas to expand and take advantage to begin with than competitors, which is why Nordstrom is spending to grow fulfillment of network for direct sales channels to make delivery faster, and improve mobile app and in store personalize experience. They already have an app that was revealed earlier this year, Instagram, and multiple online stores with Nordstrom.com, NordstromRack.com and HauteLook.com, with plans to introduce Canadian Nordstrom Rack soon. The company plans to invest $150 million into its online retailing. They plan to hire up to four hundred people for their e-commerce group, including Kirk Beardsley, the former director of business development at amazon. Their acquisition of HauteLook changed their ecommerce capabilities, and they continue to look for integration opportunities to grow expansion further. They need to continually understand new markets such as the discount merchandising market, which they have recently made their root wordprint grow Rack sales by 20% in the first quarter of the year, compared to comparable stores that only grew 6.4%. The reason their growth opportunities online and in different markets remain an opportunity is because technology, online trends, and consumer preferences are always changing.They need to continue to layover on their toes with the online retail market since growth is higher than physical stores currently. Currently Nordstrom is developing a strategy to secure their supplychain in a resource constrained world exit enable them to leverage their customer service brand image by investing in recycling, transportation, paper and packaging, energy, water, human rights, organic food, and community support. They have the opportunity to continue this path of enhancing social and environmental sustainability, corporate social responsibility, and supply chain management to appeal to environmental supporting markets.The Canada debut of stores is their first branch into international markets, which says the company is in a stable enough spot to take on these new labyrinthine roles in the market. They have a good economy with a high median family income at $90,000 in the areas they plan to continue growth in. According to politics data, this is the highest in metropolitan areas in Canada, giving the company the opportunity to expand and capture their market. There are not current plans to expand beyond Canada, but if they succeed there then that again leaves open an entire new box of options for the company to move overseas. Nordstrom will also be opening up Nordstrom Rack locations in Canada once they accomplish their mission with front-line stores, opening up opportunities to reach the middle class Canadian consumers who want occasion brands at a bargain. Continuing to be an innovative brand will be an opportunity for Nordstrom to take advantage of. They launched their first time private-label brand that will give 5 percent of its earnings to Girls Inc. and other nonprofits that seek to empower women and young girls. The move comes amid the increasing popularity of give-back fashion. The charitable boutique Nordstrom opened in New Yorks SoHo area in 2011, Treasure&Bond, will be available at 86 stores around the country and online as well to promote their give-back persona. There will be constant opportunity to follow trends and compete in the market with things such as these, and Nordstrom has the opportunity to continue its successful planning to meet them and conquer.Disposable incomes in the US are rising, for instance June 2014 were at an all time high at 13021.20 billion versus the previous month at 12969.70 billion. What this means for Nordstrom and all retailers is that spending will begin/continue to increase and they need to be the brand/company that captures those sale s. Their expansion, online presence, and quality need to continue to improve, and there marketing strategy relying intemperately on word of mouth may need re-evaluation to determine if this is the best way to promote the brand while maintaining their high image. Sales per square foot vary company to company and your ability to stock, merchandise, and turnover quicker than your competitor is an opportunity to capitalize on. Maintaining highest sales per square foot is a competitive quill in the retail industry and in 2013 Nordstrom had the highest sales per square foot at $400 in comparison to direct competitors Macys at $173 and Saks ordinal Ave at $350. Their ability to stock more into a space and turnover that merchandise faster than competition is a strength of Nordstrom in the external market.ThreatsThe department store and apparel industries are highly competitive, with direct competitors of Nordstrom being Bloomingdales, Macys, Dillards, Saks Fifth Ave, and Neiman Marcus. As consumer preference continues to shift, and incomes continue to rise the market will only continue to be more and more competitive, leveraging many opportunities for each company. There is also a lot of indirect competition of Nordstrom including food service, spas, boutiques, discount retailers, online retailers, and strong point stores. This creates significant competitive areas and factors in position including their customer service, unique fashion trends, selection, quality, environment, location, and convenience. Further threats for the company to consider while making decisions also include plans for growth, market share, pricing, supply chains, brand image and much more. There is also indirect competition for Nordstroms credit business like banks, credit card companies, and other stores that offer a store card such as JCP, Saks,Dillards, Macys and Dillards. Because some of the competitors in this area have more financial marketing and resources to chip in to their credit business, it makes it a huge threat to NordstromThe economy will continue to be a threat not only in the US but also in their new Canadian expansion. The US economy and Americans spending is going up, as listed in the opportunities column, but because the past decade has been rough its effects may still linger and possibly shift into Canadas economy as well. The threat of an economic downturn is something that all businesses face though, so to be safe Nordstrom should continually set realistic expectations and plans for what they would do in that situation. Price changes and increasing costs also threaten Nordstroms supply chain of designer and high-end brands. Because of the global climate changes and shortages in resources, the market for material, labor, and transportation are not as stable. This threatens Nordstrom because higher costs for them are not good if theyre not producing higher sales or profits, and the environmental effects on their business is completely out of their control. Online expansion of all retailers especially a dominator like Amazon has put up many obstacles for Nordstrom. It is difficult and expensive to constantly and quickly transition to new technological changes. Nordstrom is threatened by these changes to see if it can successfully invest and continually update to the markets demands. Their repositioning online and through social media with the wave of technology seems to be going well so far, but time will tell if they are able to continue on top or if they will fall behind the industry.In Canadian market they just entered there is a battle for the luxury market, which is not sufficiently claimed yet. Hudsons Bay Company has Canadian roots and just bought Saks, with plans to move them up to Canada as well. This will harshly threaten Nordstroms pull on luxury market share in Canada. There isalso the 177-year-old brand Holt Renfrew that announced expansion in its Calgary luxury store, which is in the same place as the first Cana dian Nordstrom. This is again a direct threat to their business in Canada and how their expansion will determine if they can grab and hold onto market share. There are also not many to choose from talent wise in Canada because the luxury market is not prominent so there is little experience to find. There is also a higher average wage in the area they are stationed because of the oil-fueled jobs in the Calgary area, so they will have higher labor costs demanded as well.Referenceshttp//seattletimes.com/hypertext markup language/businesstechnology/2024579800_nordstromcanadaxml.html?cmpid=2628https//itunes.apple.com/us/app/nordstrom/id474349412?mt=8http//www.luxurydaily.com/nordstrom-integrates-instagram-to-create-shopping-experience/http//www.santacruzsentinel.com/business/ci_26254983/models-disabilities-star-nordstrom-cataloghttp//wwwiebe.com/nordstrom-customer-service-first/http//seattletimes.com/html/businesstechnology/2024313399_nordstromearningsxml.htmlhttp//seattletimes.com/html /businesstechnology/2024291908_nordstromstorexml.htmlhttp//www.internetretailer.com/2014/05/19/nordstrom-invests-heavily-e-commercehttp//callisto.ggsrv.com/imgsrv/FastFetch/UBER1/306343_GDRT31838FSA

National Honor Society

Chapter 33 The Cold War and decolonization, 1945-1975 1. Introduction a. The end of the 2nd founding contend exposed a land of interchangeable antagonism rather than one of mutual coop geological successiontion b. The business of nation building c. Cold War engine room and environmental impact 2. The Cold War a. The United Nations i. The formation of the United Nations and its basic building ii. Beliefs and efficacy of the United Nations iii. Early resolutions carried great weight, but by and by the westward powers came to disregard many of the issues raised by the General Assembly b.Capitalism and Communism i. bare-ass monetary systems were developed in the West and the Soviet man and wife ii. Reco real from the second World War in the East iii. Europeans launched a program of cooperation iv. The Soviet approach c. West versus East in Europe and Korea i. The turn out of collectivism and Western reaction ii. NATO and Soviet rival over Europe iii. NATO and Soviet compet ition over Korea d. U. S. defeat in Vietnam i. Eisenhower said no to war in Vietnam, but Kennedy said yes ii. Johnson continued the war ii. U. S. got out in 1973 and U. S. attitudes toward the war e. The black market for nuclear supremacy i. Atomic weapons ushered in a bleak era of warfare and diplomacy ii. The Cuban Missile Crisis iii. More efficient bombs and delivery systems iv. weaponry limitations v. Things calmed d declare in Europe vi. The space race vii. hindrance 3. Decolonization and Nation create a. New nations in South and Southeast Asia i. India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh ii. The Japanese grapheme in South Asia and Southeast Asia iii. Sukarno iv. Myanmar, Singapore and the Philippines . Vietnam b. The struggle for liberty in Africa i. Algeria ii. Institutions and factors that made good colonies poor independent countries iii. Kwame Nkrumah iv. Jomo Kenyatta v. French Africa and de Gaulles promises vi. The heart versus footing vii. The Southern Temperate Zone viii. South Africa c. The quest for sparing emancipation in Latin America i. U. S. and Europe dominated Latin America economies ii. Mexico and Guatemala iii. U. S. command in Cuba iv. 1959 popular rebellion v. The Castro government d. Challenges of Nation Building i.New nations unite the United Nations ii. How to organize government? iii. How to educate the populous? 4. Beyond a bipolar world a. The Third World i. Definition of the terms non-aligned and tertiary world ii. Many of these countries wanted money from the superpowers iii. A balancing act b. Japan and china i. Japan made amends for the war and rebuilt their industries ii. China very come to in Cold War authorities iii. The Great Leap Forward and the ethnical Revolution iv. Normalizing United States-China relations c. The Middle East . Arab politics in the 1950s ii. British policy on Palestine iii. The United Nations partitions Palestine into cardinal states iv. Conflict and refugees v. The Palestine Liberation Organiz ation (PLO) vi. Organization of rock oil exportation Countries (OPEC) and more conflict d. The emergence of environmental concerns i. The beginnings of environmental awareness ii. High plash prices increased awareness of the scarcity of natural resources 5. Conclusion a. The postwar era b. U. S. and U. S. S. R. c. The end of the postwar eraNational Honor SocietyChapter 33 The Cold War and Decolonization, 1945-1975 1. Introduction a. The end of the 2nd world war exposed a world of mutual antagonism rather than one of mutual cooperation b. The business of nation building c. Cold War technology and environmental impact 2. The Cold War a. The United Nations i. The formation of the United Nations and its basic structure ii. Beliefs and efficacy of the United Nations iii. Early resolutions carried great weight, but later the Western powers came to disregard many of the issues raised by the General Assembly b.Capitalism and Communism i. New monetary systems were developed in the West and the Soviet Union ii. recovery from the second World War in the East iii. Europeans launched a program of cooperation iv. The Soviet approach c. West versus East in Europe and Korea i. The spread of communism and Western reaction ii. NATO and Soviet competition over Europe iii. NATO and Soviet competition over Korea d. U. S. defeat in Vietnam i. Eisenhower said no to war in Vietnam, but Kennedy said yes ii. Johnson continued the war ii. U. S. got out in 1973 and U. S. attitudes toward the war e. The race for nuclear supremacy i. Atomic weapons ushered in a new era of warfare and diplomacy ii. The Cuban Missile Crisis iii. More efficient bombs and delivery systems iv. Arms limitations v. Things calmed down in Europe vi. The space race vii. Restraint 3. Decolonization and Nation Building a. New nations in South and Southeast Asia i. India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh ii. The Japanese role in South Asia and Southeast Asia iii. Sukarno iv. Myanmar, Singapore and the Philippines . Vietnam b. The struggle for independence in Africa i. Algeria ii. Institutions and factors that made good colonies poor independent countries iii. Kwame Nkrumah iv. Jomo Kenyatta v. French Africa and de Gaulles promises vi. The heart versus reason vii. The Southern Temperate Zone viii. South Africa c. The quest for economic freedom in Latin America i. U. S. and Europe dominated Latin America economies ii. Mexico and Guatemala iii. U. S. domination in Cuba iv. 1959 popular rebellion v. The Castro government d. Challenges of Nation Building i.New nations join the United Nations ii. How to organize government? iii. How to educate the populous? 4. Beyond a bipolar world a. The Third World i. Definition of the terms non-aligned and third world ii. Many of these countries wanted money from the superpowers iii. A balancing act b. Japan and China i. Japan made amends for the war and rebuilt their industries ii. China very involved in Cold War politics iii. The Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Re volution iv. Normalizing United States-China relations c. The Middle East . Arab politics in the 1950s ii. British policy on Palestine iii. The United Nations partitions Palestine into two states iv. Conflict and refugees v. The Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) vi. Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) and more conflict d. The emergence of environmental concerns i. The beginnings of environmental awareness ii. High gas prices increased awareness of the scarcity of natural resources 5. Conclusion a. The postwar era b. U. S. and U. S. S. R. c. The end of the postwar eraNational Honor SocietyFirst of all, it is a great honor to even be nominated for NHS. When I got the earn saying I was nominated, I felt a little relieved. I felt relieve because this is it. This is why Ive worked so hard in shoal this is why I spend countless hours doing homework. I realized that all of my hard work is finally even uping off. I could help the NHS by dedicating my own time to pa rticipate in fundraisers, encouraging other students to do their best on their schoolwork, and try their best in everything that they do.There were times when my schoolwork got very hard. With vie soccer, taking care of my family, and balancing school together, it wouldve been easy to just give up, but being the diligent student that I am, I stuck it out. I try my best, and even if the grade on those papers werent the best, I did my best on the following papers to make up for it. Hard work does pay off. I get extremely connected to the things Im a part of. For example, when I play soccer, I forget about everything that happened during school or the day before and I just focus on the game.This has always been one of the achievements I hoped to accomplish during my High School academic career. Whenever I comprehend about scholarships for college, National Honor Society was always in the mix. With my future goals focused on becoming a doctor, dedication to my education is must. Bein g qualified to apply to college as a member of the National Honor Society would tell the Admissions Board that I am serious about my schoolwork. I estimate forward to not only have NHS help me, but also be an active member of the organization itself.National Honor SocietyChapter 33 The Cold War and Decolonization, 1945-1975 1. Introduction a. The end of the 2nd world war exposed a world of mutual antagonism rather than one of mutual cooperation b. The business of nation building c. Cold War technology and environmental impact 2. The Cold War a. The United Nations i. The formation of the United Nations and its basic structure ii. Beliefs and efficacy of the United Nations iii. Early resolutions carried great weight, but later the Western powers came to disregard many of the issues raised by the General Assembly b.Capitalism and Communism i. New monetary systems were developed in the West and the Soviet Union ii. Recovery from the second World War in the East iii. Europeans launched a program of cooperation iv. The Soviet approach c. West versus East in Europe and Korea i. The spread of communism and Western reaction ii. NATO and Soviet competition over Europe iii. NATO and Soviet competition over Korea d. U. S. defeat in Vietnam i. Eisenhower said no to war in Vietnam, but Kennedy said yes ii. Johnson continued the war ii. U. S. got out in 1973 and U. S. attitudes toward the war e. The race for nuclear supremacy i. Atomic weapons ushered in a new era of warfare and diplomacy ii. The Cuban Missile Crisis iii. More efficient bombs and delivery systems iv. Arms limitations v. Things calmed down in Europe vi. The space race vii. Restraint 3. Decolonization and Nation Building a. New nations in South and Southeast Asia i. India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh ii. The Japanese role in South Asia and Southeast Asia iii. Sukarno iv. Myanmar, Singapore and the Philippines . Vietnam b. The struggle for independence in Africa i. Algeria ii. Institutions and factors that made good colonies poor independent countries iii. Kwame Nkrumah iv. Jomo Kenyatta v. French Africa and de Gaulles promises vi. The heart versus reason vii. The Southern Temperate Zone viii. South Africa c. The quest for economic freedom in Latin America i. U. S. and Europe dominated Latin America economies ii. Mexico and Guatemala iii. U. S. domination in Cuba iv. 1959 popular rebellion v. The Castro government d. Challenges of Nation Building i.New nations join the United Nations ii. How to organize government? iii. How to educate the populous? 4. Beyond a bipolar world a. The Third World i. Definition of the terms non-aligned and third world ii. Many of these countries wanted money from the superpowers iii. A balancing act b. Japan and China i. Japan made amends for the war and rebuilt their industries ii. China very involved in Cold War politics iii. The Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution iv. Normalizing United States-China relations c. The Middle East . Arab politics in the 1950s ii. British policy on Palestine iii. The United Nations partitions Palestine into two states iv. Conflict and refugees v. The Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) vi. Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) and more conflict d. The emergence of environmental concerns i. The beginnings of environmental awareness ii. High gas prices increased awareness of the scarcity of natural resources 5. Conclusion a. The postwar era b. U. S. and U. S. S. R. c. The end of the postwar era

Assignment Product Life Cycle Essay

Each point of intersection will pose a life cycle. Using examples, flesh out distributively deliver in the merchandise Life make pass outlining the possible challenges and strategies which may be employed to sustain the sales and profitability of the product.What is a carrefour?A product is anything that can be offered to a market for attention, acquisition, use, or consumption and that might satisfy the customer wants or needs. A product is more than than just a tangible goods, it is a service (haircuts, home repairs etc) or idea. However, in marketing product is not just looked at as roughlything that is tangible, solely it allow for communicating with the targeted audience on matters such as packaging, branding, highlighting the product tangible benefits, the massaging of the customers ego as to why they should have a jumpicular product.Product can be viewed at three levels, such as Core Product it addresses what the buyer is really buying, the Actual Product which fe atures characteristic such as quality, brand, design etc., and the Augmented Product it is the additional consumer services and benefits that atomic number 18 construct around the core and actual product, which includes things as the afterwards sale service, installation, warranty etc.A Product can also be divided in two main classification based on the types of consumer that used them. These classifications atomic number 18 Consumer Products which are bought by final consumers for personal, and Industrial products which are those purchased for further processing or for use in the production of other goods and services. For example, dredge that is used as an ingredient in the making of pastry like bun, bread etc.The Product Life CycleThe Product Life Cycle (PLC) is a useful tool employed by marketers to know and determining at what stage a product is in its life. Most Product Life-Cycle curves are portrayed as bell-shaped (See figure below).The product life cycle has four ( 4) very clearly defined stages, each with its own characteristics that mean various things for business that are trying to manage the life cycle of their particular products.1.Introduction Stage This stage of the cycle could be the near expensive for a company launching a new product. It is a period of slow sales growth as the product is introduced in the market. Profits are non-existent because of the baleful expenses of product introduction, although it will be increasing as the product moves on to the growth stage.2. Growth Stage The growth stage is typically characterized by a period of rapid market acceptance and substantial profit improvement. strong growth in sales and profits, and because the company can start to benefit from economies of exceed in production, the profit margins, as well as the overall amount of profit, will increase. This makes it possible for the company to embellish more money in the promotional activity to maximize the potential of this growth sta ge.3. Maturity Stage A slowdown in sales growth because the product has achieved acceptance by most potential buyers. Profits stabilize or decline because of increased competition. During this stage the aim of the manufacturer is now to maintain the market share they have built up by consider any product modifications or improvements to the production process which might picture them a competitive advantage. During the maturity stage, the product is established and the aim for the manufacturer is now to maintain the market share they have built up. This is probably the most competitive time for most products and businesses need to invest wisely in any marketing they undertake. They also need to consider any product modifications or improvements to the production process which might give them a competitive advantage.4. Decline Stage Sales show a downward wave and profits erode. While this decline may be inevitable, the downward drift and profit erosion maybe due to the market be coming saturated (i.e. all the customers who will buy the product have already purchased it) or because the consumers are switching to a different type of product.The idea of the product life cycle has been around for some time, and it is an important principle manufacturers need to understand in order to make aprofit and stay in business. However, the key to successful manufacturing is not just to understand the product life cycle, but to proactively managing products throughout their lifetime, applying the appropriate resources and sales and marketing strategies, depending on what stage products are at in the cycle. Let us now look at the possible challenges and strategies for each stages of the product life-cycle.Marketing Strategies Introduction StageThe first of the four product life cycle stages is the Introduction Stage, which a new product is first distributed and do available for purchase. Any business that is launching a new product must decide when to enter the market an d needs to appreciate that this initial stage could require significant investment, increasing awareness of the product through effective marketing and promoting, and also low pricing strategies maybe employed to attract customers and give the new product the best chance of achieving products success. For example, a cell phone manufacturer with new technology may introduce a cell phone with basic features at reduced prices in hopes of gaining lots of new customers.Challenges of the Introduction StageSmall or no market When a new product is launched, there is typically no market for it, or if a market does exist it is likely to be very small. Naturally this bureau that sales are going to be low to start off with. There will be occasions where a great new product or fantastic marketing campaign will create such a buzz that sales take off straight away, but these are generally special cases, and it often takes time and effort before most products achieve this kind of momentum.High cos ts Very few products are created without some research and development, and once they are created, many manufacturers will need to invest in marketing and promotion in order to achieve the kind of requirement that will make their new product a success. Both of these can cost a lot of money, and in the case of some markets these costs could solve into many millions of dollars. Losses, Not Profits With all the costs of getting a new product to market, most companies will see negative profits for part of the Initial Stage of the product life cycle, although the amount and duration of these negative profits does differ fromone market to another. Some manufacturers could start showing a profit quite quickly, while for companies in other sectors it could take years.

Ellb3 King Lear Theme of Power

Explore the ways in which Shakespeare presents attitudes to great power in this passageway. In your answer you must consider how the playwright uses literary, linguistic and rhetorical devices and conventions to create special dramatic effects. The theme of power is explored extensively in the play and in this first photo the theme is already established. This scene takes place after Kent and Gloucesters talk about Gloucesters illegitimate son Edmund, the dark subplot within the play draws out the theme of power in the main plot, for example the power Gloucester asserts as a father is parallel to the power baron Lear has.Power is an important theme within the play because many of the characters abuse their power and use power as a tool for manipulation and authorisation, other characters on the other hand, desire power and authority precisely ultimately power corrupts all. This scene is set in the pansys court and this extract is an example of family talk which at times is i ntimate but it is also an example of public talk, the language in this passage is purely for regulatory and performative purposes.This highly formal public stage setting creates tension and the speech itself opens with an important radical, the audience know that king Lear intends to divide his power and soil among his three daughters but demands they publicly profess their love for him. Conferring them on younger strengths, while we unburdened crawl toward death, the imagery in the opening of the scene here is of a feeble old man indicating King Lears retirement and the loss of his power suggesting he is weak and vulnerable like an infant.Due to the public context the register throughout this passage is formal and the kings speech appears to be rehearsed. In this passage the king is the primary speaker because he establishes the topic of conversation and sets the agenda, meanwhile we should express our darkest purpose, give me the map there. As we would expect his is the charact er with the most status and authority and his role as King give ups him to open his speech with this imperative sentence. Furthermore, the modes of speak to used by the characters on stage also reveal more about the theme of power.Lears daughters address him as Sir, your majesty and your dear highness suggesting he is not only asserting his power as a king but as a father. We wipe out character revelation here as Shakespeare reveals Lears hamartia, by having his daughter quantify their love for him indicates that he is arrogant and hubristic. Lear takes the most turns and his utterances are generally continuing than the other characters as he speaks for the longest amount of time. His bypass response to Cordelia nothing, nothing will come of nothing indicates that the he is trying to maintain control over the conversation.The adjacency couple ons here are broken because nothing is a non-expected response, this suggests that this is an unsuccessful conversation and reveals more about their relationship. In this conversation the adjacency pair is subverted by Cordelia creating tension on stage Lear and Cordelia are both flouting Grices maxim of quantity as Lear says too much and Cordelia says too little which is further take the stand of their conversation being unsuccessful. Goneril and Regan clearly abuse their fathers power as they try to deceive him.The declarations of love do by the two daughters have been crafted to flatter Lear, they are exaggerated and the insincerity of this is shown through Shakespeares use of poetry. A good example of this is, sir I love you more than word can wield, the enumerate dearer than eyesight, space and liberty. In other words, the substance of Gonerils love is too great or weighty to be expressed. Similarly, the phrase, a love that makes breath low and speech unable is hyperbolical as Goneril again tries to make her love seem priceless.Regans declarations are even more exaggerated than her sisters, I am made to th at self mettle as my sister and price me at her worth. She tells her father that her own pleasure lies solely in the enjoyment of his love but her sisters love is only a means to an end. The synthetic language used here to manipulate Lears vulnerability reveals that Regan desires to gain more power and control. It is clear that both their speeches are insincere and this creates tension because the audience can see that when the daughters declare their love for their father, they are in fact declaring their greed.This is then place by Cordelias simple and minimal responses I love your majesty according to my bond, no more nor less showing that she speaks of her love more honestly. Cordelias asides allow her to build a relationship with the audience. These asides may appear spontaneous but Shakespeare has carefully crafted them for her speech to appear sincere and honest. When Cordelia is asked to express her love towards her father, she answers with nothing. Lears interrogative repl y nothing? suggests her simple answer has comes as a shock to him and the court, this response instantly changes both the mood and the tone within the scene. The short exchanges between Cordelia and Lear and the caesura in this line disrupts the iambic pentameter and the regularity of the blank verse creating dramatic tension on the stage. Lear orders Cordelia to speak again, this imperative reveals frustration and enkindle at which point his volume would increase. Cordelia delays her speech as she refuses to take part in Lears ceremonial love test suggesting that she has some degree of power.Her long break off creates an awkward silence on the stage and adding further to the tension between the characters and creating suspense. Lears attitude to power is clearly one of pride and arrogance which prevents him from seeing the received nature of Goneril and Regans appearances and their hypocrisy. He foolishly believes their excessively sweet and sentimental declarations and this is what makes this passage so dramatic. The power he asserts in this passage blinds him as he rejects the truthful Cordelia who he has banished from the kingdom.

The Day That Changed My Life

The Day My Life Changed Forever I will never forget the day when my life was changed forever. I was twenty-two years old and rough to give expect to my first child. I was having a girl, who I was going to name Mia Alexandria. Up until this point in my life I was able to go and come as I pleased, al one(a) that was ab come to the fore to solely change. I knew that having a child would change my life scarce did non know how much. It was in December of 1996, and was a cold, dreary winter day. I was in my eighth month of pregnancy and I was crabby to the highest degree having to lug around particular weight down that was in my belly.I awoke early that morning and decided to run some errands. I drove a Jeep Wrangler at that time, a flushed one with a white hard top that consistently bounced around the road with every bump and crack that you hit. I can still discover the bitter draft that seeped through the cracks as I drove. It was a stick shift, which many of my friends did no t know how to operate. Reluctantly, I hopped my pregnant consistency up into it muchover being able to move my limbs from being bundled up in my poufy parka. My friend decided to join me that day to keep me company.Our first stop was to the unemployment agency. The unemployment agency tail end then was located in several buildings scattered throughout the state so you just had to find the closest 2 one to you, ask to it, gormandise out some paperwork, and stand in line to file your claim. Things were not done as they are now with all the fancy computer technology. As we arrived in the parking lot I was feeling a little anxious, not having applied before, and not knowing what I was going to say to the soulfulness behind the counter.I had been released from my waitressing job a few weeks before because of my pregnancy, the owner was afraid I might slip and fall while I was working and didnt want to be trusty or even take that chance. The owner said I could come gage after I h ad the ball up but in the meantime I wasnt able to pay Decembers rent nor did I have any food in my apartment. My momma said I could come eat any time I wanted at her house and always sent a care mail boat with me when I left, but still that did not pay the rent.Needless to say I did not have very much money for gas to drive back and forth to her house either and we lived about 15 miles apart. I wasnt sure if I was going to qualify to receive unemployment but I knew I desperately needed to do some occasion because of the baby I had on the way. When we tossed into the building I proverb a tremendously considerable line, a take a number sign, rows and rows of chairs with another(prenominal) fellow unemployed citizens, and quite a few government workers behind the counters. The place was huge.The atmosphere felt stuffy to me and the room was preponderantly filled with men that displayed gloomy faces. I took a number and my friend and I took our place in line. We were standing fo r about twenty minutes when all of a sudden I felt this rush of wetness amid my thighs. I was not sure what had just happened but I thought to myself I could not have just had an accident resembling a preschooler. As I mentally assessed the situation, the 3 and thing that kept me running from embarrassment was my long parka that came down past a good portion of my back side so you could not see my midsection.My bladder control was not as it was before I was pregnant however when I realized after a minute or two that maybe the liquid that was uncontrollably evacuant from my body was not urine at all, but that my water had broke, which meant I was going into labor. Being twenty-two and it being my first child I hypothecate I may have been in shock. Not knowing what else I should do, I decided to walk up to one of the few ladies I saw in the office. I wanted to ask what I should do because I had already sign(a) in. The lady looked at me in disbelief and said Leave, who cares that you signed in. You need to go to the hospital.My friend and I looked at one another and then quickly scurried out to my Jeep and jumped in. My friend thought she should drive but did not know how to drive a stick-shift. I figured it was probably a much better idea if I drove and apprised her I was not in any pain and I was fine to drive. I swiftly sped off not really having the next refinement in mind but knowing I had towards the hospital. I was not in pain and did not want to rely on someone else to decide what to knead to the hospital for me so I decided to make a pit stop back at my apartment before heading over to the hospital.When we arrived only twenty minutes or so had passed and I thought by now something else should be happening with my body and was anticipating the worse was about to come. I changed out of my miserably wet pants and I quickly gathered up the things I thought I should bring. We jumped back in my bouncy jeep with our destination being the hospital this ti me and began making our journey there. We had about a thirty minute drive to Royal Oak Beaumont without traffic and even though I was not having any muscular contractions I knew I did not 4 want to give birth in my vehicle.I had heard numerous crazy stories from tribe throughout my pregnancy about giving birth in weird places and just really wanted to make it to the hospital. When we arrived at Royal Oak Beaumont I entered through the emergency room. The security guard went to get me a wheel chair but I felt that I was fine and decided to walk up to the labor and delivery floor. When I got to the floor the nurses greeted me excitedly and hooked me up to a computer with all this wires that were connected to a stretchy portion that fit around my belly.I didnt know what they were for at the time, but now I know they were to measure my contractions. The nurse checked my dilation status and I was at a foursome and when you deliver the baby a persons dilation status is at a ten. The nu rse bundled all my place in a plastic bag and swiftly rushed me to appropriate room for delivery. When I was walking to my new room the nurses were astonished that I was dilated to four and walking around without feeling any pain. I didnt have the foggiest idea what was going to happened so it really didnt faze me.My friend moldiness have been calling every person I knew because people started trickling in to see me. Tons of family and friends rotated in and out of my room baring gifts and adjuvant encouraging tips. The hospital staff allowed many more people in the room at one time then I thought was allowed. I had been at the hospital for about an hour and a half and still wasnt feeling any contractions even though the nurse said I was having them. One of my friends had brought a deck of cards and another stopped at the store and brought me candy for my weet tooth I had so we were playing cards and I was eat candy when the doctor showed up. 5 The doctor was a middle age man, pr obably in his fortys, which I had never met before. He was the doctor responsible for the patients from the office I went to for my prenatal checkups. I went to the hospital obgyn clinic were the doctors were doing their internships and other senior staff doctors oversaw that they were performing the correct way. He told us I probably would not be having the baby for a few hours, it was now about dinner time and I was starting to get hungry.My dilation status had stayed at between four and five for quite some time and he decided to order for me to have pitocin which tricks your body into starting to have contractions so your body will deliver the baby faster. This drug mimics the effects of the hormone, oxytocin that naturally is released in your body to induce labor. My dad and step-mom did not want to miss the birth of my first child but wanted to leave to go get dinner and they were going to bring me something back.They said I could not eat but they were allowing me to eat the ca ndy which was a little strange. Eventually I knew I would want some dinner though and encouraged them to go and come back. miniscule did my dad or I know that what he feared was about to come true. He kissed me on the head and said Dont have that baby till I get back, ya hear. I laughed and replied Ok. My dad left and the nurse came in to administer the pitocin. As the medicine flowed through my IV into my vein it felt not quite cold but a cool trickling rush like some little bugs were invading my body.It had only been a few minutes when I could start feeling maybe a little squeezing of my belly that they were calling a contraction. About seven or eight people were standing in my room talking to one another and asking me a bunch of questions when all of a sudden I felt the biggest kick, it felt like someone punched me in the stomach. Then next came a contraction, it was hard 6 And it hurt. I yelled to the nurse I designate Im about to have the baby, she said Let me check probably not just yet.I shouted back I think I need something for pain then. Quickly I was administered some Demerol which was supposed to curve the pain. It just made me feel like I was going to vomit as it rushed through my veins and gave me the biggest high I had ever felt. Again I felt a big contraction I want everyone out I yelled. Everyone scurried out the nurse checked me and I was about to have the baby, she pushed the emergency button and the doctor came running. No one was ready, none of the packages were opened up for the delivery, and no one had their proper labor and delivery gear on.There was no time for any of that I had one more contraction and I was told not to push yet but there was no pushing nor any stopping that baby from coming into this world. Next thing I knew this small watermelon size thing came bounding out and it was over. No more pain, no more scary anticipation, and no more superfluous weight in my belly. And of course my dad had missed it. Mia Alexandria was h ere and weighed 5lbs 15oz, and was 19 inches long. My freedom at that moment ended forever. I would always be responsible for this other little person forever, or what would seem forever.No more just getting up and going. No more random journeys in my jeep at the goad of the moment not knowing where we might end up. Everywhere I would go from then on out I would have lots of extra things I would have to take with me for the care of the baby. Even though my life changed at that moment forever it was for the better. The birth of my daughter made me think about all my actions and the consequences that may follow. I always tried my hardest to do the right thing and be the best person I could be from that moment on because I wanted to be the best mommy ever.

Morals and Beliefs in Gran Torino

Gran Torino Es sound come on Values are principles that a person lives up to. It shapes and defines who they are. Moral refers to issues of right and wrong and how single people should behave. Moral values are one of the most important things that we human beings live for. The movie Gran Torino is an excellent example of how our own example values define who we are as a person. We make decisions based on what we think is right or wrong. The ask starts off with Walt Kowalski who is a widowman who holds onto his prejudices despite the changes in his Michigan neighbourhood and the world around him.Kowalski is a grumpy, tough-minded, unhappy an old man, who cant get along with either his kids or his neighbours, a Korean War veteran whose prize possession is a 1972 Gran Torino he keeps in mint condition. When his neighbour Thao, a young Hmong teenager under compress from his gang member cousin, tries to steal his Gran Torino, Kowalski sets out to reform the youth. Drawn against his will into the life of Thaos family, Kowalski is soon taking steps to protect them from the gangs that infest their neighbourhood.The film has excellent examples of moral values throughout the development of the main characters such as fearlessness, equality and selflessness. Courage is shown throughout the film countless times. No-one can say to a nonher individual that their morals are wrong. No ones moral are wrong, our morals stems from our perspective of what things are supposed to be not somebody elses view on morals. Though in the movie, Thao shows courage by trying to steal Walts prized car. Even though its a wrong decision to make, he shows courage and attempts to do it. Its a value that we would all want. To show courage in the face of fear itself.Courage is a very hard thing to come by, not many people have it but Thao demonstrates this even though it was wrong however he rights his wrongdoing. Walt similarly shows courage throughout the film such as when he beats up one of the gang members even though he is well sensible of what they are capable of. The film portrays courage not only by using the actors but also film techniques such as camera opalines. When a character is expressing bravery, the camera closes up on his or her face to show the emotion and expression in the eyes and facial movement. It helps the audience interpret the courage on a characters face.Courage is moral value present in the movie. Equality is another value we hope to come by. The film evolves from racism to equality. When Sue befriends Walt, she sees him as an equal not as someone who is below her. Though their races are different, they show an understanding towards one another and they dont discriminate each(prenominal) other. They respect each other and therefore show equality towards each other. That also happens with Thao when he gets to know Walt. Walt shows an understanding to Thao when they grow closer and even regards him as a friend. Equality is not always pres ent in the world but it can be achieved.Even the neighbours of Walt, grew to have an understanding with him who at first hate him to be white. However equality is eventually a value that not only Sue but also Walt, Thao and their neighbours possess. The film demonstrates equality as a need in this world. Finally, one of the most important moral values a human being can possess is selflessness. It is when a person puts someone elses needs before their own. In Gran Torino, one of the most heartfelt and saddest moments was when Walt sacrificed his life for Thao and the neighbourhood. He knew that if Thao went after his cousin Spider he would die.So Walt fixed that he needed to do this not only for himself but for the whole neighbourhood. He came to confront Spider and the gang, he spoke very loudly to elicit the whole neighbourhood and have witnesses for what he was about to do. He asked if anyone had a lighter, he then reaches into his pockets, as he does this, the gang reaches for their gun in preparation. Walt grabs out his lighter but making it look like he was pulling out a gun from his inner pocket, then without hesitation the gang members had shot him. He was never armed and so the gang were charged and went to jail.This sacrifice that Walt made was very admirable and was probably his most important morals. He believed in putting someone elses safety before his own. This was a moral value that was the most important within the movie. In conclusion, these three values were show as the film progressed. It shows that a person who believed in their own moral values can be regarded as a hero. By following and accept in their own morals, it goes to show that you can help not only yourself but those around you. Gran Torino was an excellent movie about how a person who followed their morals can help those in need.

Affirmative Action: a Losing Battle Essay

1.Yes. Affirmative action is aimed at uttering the imbalances of the past. It is sancti wizardd and required by the constitutional requirement to achieve each(prenominal)-important(a) or real equality. There is a moral imperative on all South Africans to work towards the achievement of a more equitable society. racial discrimination, in contrast, has no rational and objective premise and simply appeals to the basest of human instincts. It is in the best interests of society to promote the general well-being of as some of its citizens as possible. A healthy, well-educated, well-adjusted citizen contributes to both the wealth and the stability of the society.2.The United States of the States used Affirmative Action to promote racial preference through and through the implementation of various acts from 1862 to 1930 to words the issues of inequality.3.South Africa is a country with a huge imbalance between the rich and poor created by the previous apartheid and racial laws to take away against Blacks, Coloureds and Indians in education and employment opportunities. In order to balance these inequalities, the South African presidency had to implement Affirmative Action policies like Employment right Act, for example, to address the huge gap created in employment opportunities. The policy is justifiable in that it is aimed at creating a just and equitable society. On moral grounds, the government of this country has a responsibility to make a good-faith effort to remedy the effects of past discrimination.4.For as long as these inequalities exist, the policy cannot be discontinue because of the legacy that existed for a long time. It will take a long time before the different racial groups could fully participate in all areas of the economy.5.This question is not clear. Please check with facilitator.SECTION B PARAGRAPHS1.Cultivating equal opportunity society has helped countries such as South Africa and America to movement forward. Yes. The cultivating an eq ual opportunity society have helped country such as South Africa move bit forward since the Government policies have design to address the often interrelated problem of inequality, poverty and unemployment. Government initiatives on equal opportunity society have included the growth employment and redistribution programme, the reconstruction and ripening programme, the broad-based black economic employment policy and the land reform strategy.The fiscal policy leg of economic policy becomes increasingly important when government aims to address the problem of inequality by trying to redistribute gains from economic growth. One of the policies that the government has implemented quite successfully is the provision of social grant and it has litigate as a main source of income for aged and disabled people. Equal opportunities in South Africa is a pressing concern, it has a complex relationship with economic growth, poverty and race though South Africa economy is witnessing a positiv e growth and poverty is showing a declining trend surely equal opportunities for has shown throw in South Africa.After the equal opportunities society has been put in place has given every person freedom, secure and equal where every one has to improve the quality of his life and pursue their dreams and in which every language and culture has equal respect and recognition. South Africa became one nation with one future, nourishment together under the constitution in peace, security and prosperity with opportunities and recognition for the entire rainbow nation after the implementation of equal opportunities society.And also United States America society has became both more and less equal in recent decades following the civil rights revolution of the 1950s and1960s racial segregation and excommunication were no longer legal or

Transcript of A Moonlight Fable by H.G. Wells Essay

A Moonlight Fable H.G.Wells Background Beginning Middle decision Ending Cont. Middle Cont. Symbols H.G. Wells was an English author in the science fiction genre. He is know as the Father of Science Fiction. He began studying in biology and soon wrote novels on the Darwinian theory. Wells is known for his haunting and unpredictable stories. A mother sews a movement for her son and he loves it so much he wants to crack it all the time. His mother insists that he keeps it safely locked away until a special day. He adored it so much that he dreamt ab step forward it, but would only exsert it once a week. His mother let him wear the suit as long as the buttons were cover in tissue so they wouldnt tarnish.The male child was attentive to the buttons and saw them getting duller, which caused him anxiety.On shadow, when the synodic month shined through the window, the boy finds the urge to put the suit on. He tears all of the tissues and protective items off. He hurries out of his hous e and into his mothers garden in the suit. He runs carelessly through the garden letting the thorns rip the jacket. He then runs into the duck pond and swims around. After swimming in the pond, he sees a moth and lets it fly around his head. He chases it and falls into a pit without noticing. The next morning, he is undercoat dead at the bottom of the pit. Moonlight-Opportunity to change When the moonshine the story, the man begins to venture into wearing his suit The moonlight in the garden drives him to run through the thorns Buttons-Hopes and happinessThroughout the story, his happiness is suppressed and hidden ilk the buttons When he takes of the tissue, he is liberated and can in conclusion be happy Garden- freedom In the garden, the boy is happiest and can be freeWhen he dies in the lake, he is smiling showing that he was finally free and happy Symbols Cont. Setting & Characters Characters the young boy and his mom Setting In their home and church, not time is specified, mo st significant occurrences are during the night Important Quotations It seemed to him the moonlight was not common moonlight, nor the night a common night, and for a while he lay quite drowsily with this odd eyeshot in his mind. He did not care, for he knew it was all part of the wearing for which he had longed. Do you commend my clothes are beautiful, dear moth? Asbeautiful as your scales and all this silver vesture of the realm and sky?A Moonlight FableBy AYESHANUML90 May 2013Page 1 of 2 digest and analysis of A Moonlight Fable by HGWells?Literature and Language QuestionsAnswers.com Wiki Answers Categories Literature & Language * atomic number 6 KahaniA story of our lives, happiness & togetherness, on your TV Screens.www.facebook.com/cocacola * FablesFind, Create, Share Infos With Attrakt Custom Searchwww.attrakt.com/ AdsBest AnswerIn this curt story by H.G. Wells, a young man loves a suit that his mother sews for him. He loves this suit so much, he wants to wear it all t he time. His mother however insists he keep the suit safely packed away until his wedding day.It was green and gold and woven so that I cannot describe how overdelicate and fine it was, and there was a tie of orange fluffiness that tied up under his chin. And the buttons in their newness shone like stars. He was proud and pleased by his suit beyond measure, and stood before the long looking-glass when offset he put it on, so astonished and delighted with it that he could hardly turn himself away.The boy love his suit so much that he dreamt about it. He would often take the suit out of its storage and admire it. His mother allowed him to wear the suit on Sundays to church, but with tissue application the buttons so they wouldnt tarnish and tacked on protective guards on the elbows and cuffs so they wouldnt tear. Whenever the boy would glitter at the buttons under the tissue wrap, he would notice they were becoming duller and duller, and this would cause him anxiety. One night he sees the moonlight shining into his bedroom and he gets out of bed with an urge to put the suit on. He makes up his mind to tear off the protective tissue and guards off the suit.Thought joined on to thought like things that whisper warmly in the shadows. Then he sat up in his little bed suddenly, very alert, with his heart beating very fast and a quiver in his body from top to toe. He had made up his mind. He knew now that he was going to wear his suit as it should be

Ict Procurement Trends in the Uk Essay

This advertise card presents the findings from a glance of 136 UK enterprises regarding their approach to Information and Communication Technology (ICT) procurement. The survey investigates the way that UK enterprises like to obtain technology, as well as the major IT and business preys influencing their IT investing strategies. Introduction and LandscapeWhy was the subject atomic number 18a written?To highlight the criteria on which UK enterprises require their IT providers as well as the roles which have influence charm making IT purchasing decisions. What is the current securities industry landscape and what is changing?UK enterprises are set to increase their IT expenditure in 2013. Kables survey shows that ICT spending in the UK is being driven by investments in heart and soul technology areas such as security, enterprise applications, IT systems management, and content management. What are the key drivers behind recent market changes?With enterprises being continuo usly exposed to malicious attacks on their business critical information, the demand for security solutions is growing. What makes this report unique and essential to read?Kable Global ICT Intelligence has invested significant resources in order to interview CIOs and IT managers closely their IT Procurement. Very few IT analyst houses will have interviewed 130+ ICT decision makers in the UK market in H2 2012.Key Features and BenefitsProvides insights into UK enterprises preferred buying approaches. Comprehend the business objectives that UK enterprises are looking to achieve through their IT investment strategy. Appreciate the IT objectives that UK enterprises are looking to achieve through their IT investment strategy. Understand the factors that are influencing UK enterprises decision to select an ICT provider. Understand which organisational roles influence IT purchasing decisions and signing off budgets.Key Market IssuesDespite the uncertain sparing conditions across Europe an d the UK governments large scale austerity measures which have impacted familiar sector ICT spend, the vast majority of respondents from Kables survey indicate that their IT budgets will remain at the said(prenominal) level or will increase in 2013.With regards to the situation over signing off budgets, UK enterprises amazingly give an equal rating to CEOs, CFOs, and CIOs. UK enterprises rate Improve supplier relationships with an honest rating of X, indicating that enterprises focus is plodding more to their own operations, followed by their customers, amidst the difficult global economic outlook. Investments in cloud computing are expected to grow with the penetration of this technology increasing from the current level of X% to Y% in the next twenty-four months, driven by factors such as lowering cost and complexity, and ease of use. fit to Kables survey, X% of enterprises have a somewhat complex ICT infrastructure with several hardware manufacturers, direct systems, datab ases, applications, and other elements.Key HighlightsAlthough on-premise deployment is favoured, the demand for hosted applications is also gaining traction, as enterprises are continuously focused on decrease costs in the current economic climate.Raising efficiency is a primary business objective influencing IT investment strategy amongst UK enterprises with the highest rating of X on a scale of 1 to 4. The recent survey reveals X% of enterprises have rated the objective of meeting internal service level agreements as a highest priority. With an average rating of X on a scale of 1 to 4, UK enterprises consider Financial stability and monetary value to be the most important criteria in choosing an IT solutions provider. UK enterprises rate the CIO/IT department as the most influential authority when making IT purchasing decisions, with the highest average rating of X on a scale of 1 to 4.

Indian Rupee Essay

INR redirects here. For other customs, render INR (disambiguation). For the Malayalam film, see Indian Rupee (film).Indian rupee (Hindi)ISO 4217 jurisprudence INRCentral bank conquer fix of IndiaWebsite www.rbi.org.inOfficial user(s) IndiaUn authoritative user(s) Bhutan (alongside theBhutanese ngultrum) Nepal (alongside theNepalese rupee)Inflation 5.96%, March 2013Source Economic AdviserMethod WPIPegged by Bhutanese ngultrum (at par)Nepalese rupee (1 INR = 1.6 NPR)Subunit 1/ light speed PaisaSymbol Paisa pFormerly used symbols and Coins , Rs, , , , , , . knight Taka(), Rupayya, Rupai, Rupees, Rupay, Rupayee Coins 50 paise, 1, 2, 5, 10 vernacular nones 5, 10, 20, 50, vitamin C, ergocalciferol, molarity Printer diffidence bound of IndiaWebsite www.rbi.org.inMint India Government MintWebsite www.spmcil.comThe Indian rupee (sign code INR) is the official money of the Republic of India. The issuance of the currency is controlled by the apply cashbox of India.1 The modern r upee is subdivided into 100 paise (singular paisa), though as of 2011 only 50-paise expunges ar judicial tender.23 Bank strains in circulation put in in denominations of 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, vitamin D and 1000. Rupee coins ar avail adapted in denominations of 1, 2, 5, 10, 100 and 1000 of these, the 100 and 1000 coins befor commemorative purposes only the only other rupee coin has a nominal pry of 50 paise, since lower denominations have been offici on the wholey withdrawn. The Indian rupee symbol (officially espouse in 2010) is derived from the Devanagari harmonised (Ra) and the Latin garner R. The startle serial publication of coins with the rupee symbol was launched on 8 July 2011. The guard Bank manages currency in India and derives its role in currency management on the basis of the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934. Recently RBI launched a website Paisa-Bolta-Hai to raise awareness of counterfeit currency among users of the INR. Contentshide* 1 Etymology* 2 Design* 3 Numeral system* 4 History* 4.1 Indias* 4.2 psyche Settlements* 4.3 International use* 5 Coins* 5.1 easterly India Company, 1835* 5.2 Regal publishs, 18621947* 5.3 mugwump predecimal issues, 19501957* 5.4 Independent decimal issues, 1957* 5.5 Special coins* 6 Banknotes* 6.1 British India* 6.2 Independent issues since 1949* 6.3 Current tones* 7 Languages* 8 Minting* 9 Security features* 10 Convertibility* 10.1 Chronology* 11 Exchange rates* 11.1 historic transform rates* 11.2 Banknotes and coins in circulation* 11.3 Current reciprocation rates* 12 See as well as* 13 References* 14 External links-Etymologyedit spring editbetaThe volume rupee was derived from the Sanskrit word raupyak, meaning money-tongued. This is like to the British Pound-Sterling, in which the term sterling office silver. 1. (rupiyo) in Gujarati2. (tka) in As alike(p)se3. (taka) in Bengali4. (rupay) in Hindi5. (pronounced ropyih) in Kashmiri6. (rpyi) in Kannada, Tulu and Konkani 7. (rupay) in Konkani8. (rp) in Malayalam9. (rupay) in Marathi10. (rupiya) in Nepali11. (tanka) in Oriya12. (rupi) in Punjabi13. (rpyakam) in Sanskrit (Devnagari) 14. (rupiyo) in Sindhi15. (rpi) in Tamil16. (rpyi) in Telugu17. (rupay) in UrduHowever, in the Assam, West Bengal, Tripura and Odisha the Indian rupee is officially known by names derived from the word (ak), which means specious.4 Thus, the rupee is called (k) in Assamese, (k) in Bengali and (ak) in Oriya. The fall (and the word rupee) is, accordingly, written on the front of Indian banknotes in English and Hindi, whilst on the back the name is listed, in English alphabetical order,5 in 15 other Indian languages6 -Designedit witness editbetaThe bleak sign () is a combination of the Devanagari earn (ra) and the Latin crown letter R without its vertical bar (similar to the R rotunda). The parallel lines at the natural covering (with white space between them) are said to make an allusion to the tricolour Indian fla g.7 and also show up an equality sign that symbolises the nations desire to slenderize economic dis paratrooper. It was designed at theNational form of Design -Numeral systemedit source editbetaMain article Indian numbering systemThe Indian figure system is based on the decimal system, with two notable differences from Western systems using long and curt scales. The system is ingrained in everyday monetary transactions in the Indian subcontinent. Indian semantic International semantic Indian comma placement International comma placement 1 hundred thousand 100 thousand 1,00,000 100,00010 lakhs 1 million 10,00,000 1,000,0001 crore 10 million 1,00,00,000 10,000,00010 crores 100 million 10,00,00,000 100,000,0001 Arab 1 cardinal 1,00,00,00,000 1,000,000,00010 Arabs 10 billion 10,00,00,00,000 10,000,000,0001 kharab 100 billion 1,00,00,00,00,000 100,000,000,000 10 kharabs 1 trillion 10,00,00,00,00,000 1,000,000,000,000 1 padam(shankh) 10 trillion 1,00,00,00,00,00,000 10,000,000,000, 000 10 padams(shankhs) 100 trillion 10,00,00,00,00,00,000 100,000,000,000,000 * discover that in practice, use of Arab, kharab, padam is rare. In modern usage, 1 Arab would be 100 crores. For example, the amount 3,25,84,729.25 is read as trinity crore, twenty-five lakh, eighty-four thousand, seven hundred twenty-nine rupees and twenty-five paise. The use of millions (or billions, trillions, etc.) in the Indian subcontinent is very rare. -Historyedit source editbetaMain article History of the rupeeIndiasedit source editbetaSilver punch clams coin of the Maurya empire, known as Rupyarupa, 3rd century BCE. Historically, the rupee (derived from the Sanskrit word raupya), was a silver coin. This had revolting consequences in the nineteenth century, when the strongest economies in the world were on the gold standard. The discovery of large quantities of silver in the United States and several European colonies resulted in a decline in the value of silver copulation to gold, devalui ng Indias standard currency. This event was known as the fall of the rupee. The history of the Indian rupee traces back to Ancient India in circa 6th century BC, ancient India was one of the earliest issuers of coins in the world,8along with the Chinese wen and Lydian staters. The Hindi word rpiya is derived form Sanskrit word rpya, which means wrought silver, a coin of silver,9 in origin an adjective meaning shapely, with a more proper(postnominal) meaning of stamped, impressed, whence coin. It is derived from the noun rpa shape, likeness, insure. The word rpa is universe further identified as having sprung from the Dravidian . Arthashastra, written by Chanakya, prime minister to the first Maurya emperor moth C pass onragupta Maurya(c. 340-290 BCE), mentions silver coins asrupyarupa, other types of coins including gold coins (Suvarnarupa), copper coins ( Tamararupa) and lead coins (Sisarupa) are also mentioned. Rupa means form or shape, example, Rupyarupa, Rupya wrought silver, rupa form.10 During his five- social class rule from 1540 to 1545, he set up a mod civic and military administration, sheepskin coat king Sher Shah Suri issued a coin of silver, weighing 178 grains, which was termed theRupiya.911 The silver coin remained in use during the Mughal period, Maratha era as well as in British India.12 Among the earliest issues of paper rupees include the Bank of Hindustan (17701832), the General Bank of Bengal and Bihar (177375, established by Warren Hastings), and the Bengal Bank (178491).Rupiya issued by Sher Shah Suri, 15401545 CEIndia was unaffected by the imperial order-in-council of 1825, which try to introduce British sterling coinage to the British colonies. British India, at that time, was controlled by the British EastIndia Company. The silver rupee continued as the currency of India through the British Raj and beyond. In 1835, British India adopted a mono-metallic silver standard based on the rupee this decision was square offd by a letter written by Lord Liverpool in 1805 extolling the virtues of mono-metallism. Following the Indian Mutiny in 1857, the British governing took direct control of British India. Since 1851, gold sovereigns were produced en masse at the Royal Mint in Sydney, New South Wales. In an 1864 attempt to make the British gold sovereign the imperial coin, the treasuries in Bombay andCalcutta were instructed to receive gold sovereigns however, these gold sovereigns never left the vaults. As the British disposal gave up hope of replacing the rupee in India with the pound sterling, it realized for the same reason it could not regenerate the silver clam in the Straits Settlements with the Indian rupee (as the British East India Company had desired).Since the silver crisis of 1873, a number of nations adopted the gold standard however, India remained on the silver standard until it was replaced by a basket of commodities and currencies in the late 20th century.citation needed The Indian rupee replac ed the Danish Indian rupee in 1845, the French Indian rupee in 1954 and the Portuguese Indian escudo in 1961. Following the liberty of British India in 1947 and theaccession of the princely states to the new Union, the Indian rupee replaced all the currencies of the previously autonomous states (although the Hyderabadi rupee was not demonetised until 1959).13 Some of the states had issued rupees equal to those issued by the British (such as the Travancore rupee). Other currencies (including the Hyderabadi rupee and the Kutch kori) had diametrical values.One-rupee banknoteObverse of a one-rupee note issued by the Government of India. The values of the subdivisions of the rupee during British rule (and in the first decade of independence) were * 1 rupee = 16 anna (later 100 naye paise)* 1 artharupee = 8 anna, or 1/2 rupee (later 50 naye paise) * 1 pavala = 4 anna, or 1/4 rupee (later 25 naye paise)* 1 beda = 2 anna, or 1/8 rupee (later equivalent to 12.5 naye paise) *1 anna = 1/16 r upee (later equivalent to 6.25 naye paise) * 1 paraka = 1/2 anna (later equivalent to 3.125 naye paise) * 1 kani (pice) = 1/4 anna (later equivalent to 1.5625 naye paise) * 1 damidi (pie) = 1/12 anna (later equivalent to 0.520833 naye paise) In 1957, the rupee was decimalised and divided into 100 naye paise (Hindi for new paise) in 1964, the initial naye was dropped. Many still refer to 25, 50 and 75 paise as 4, 8 and 12 annas respectively, similar to the usage of two bits in American English for a quarter-dollar. Straits Settlementsedit source editbetaThe Straits Settlements were originally an outlier of the British East India Company. The Spanish dollar had already taken hold in the Settlements by the time the British arrived during the 19th century however, the East India Company tried to replace it with the rupee. This attempt was resisted by the locals by 1867 (when the British authorities took over direct control of the Straits Settlements from the East India Company), attem pts to introduce the rupee were finally abandoned. International useedit source editbetaSee also Pakistani rupeeWith the Partition the Pakistani rupee came into existence, initially using Indian coins and Indian currency notes simply overstamped with Pakistan. Previously the Indian rupee was an official currency of other countries, including Aden, Oman, Dubai, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, the Trucial States, Kenya, Tanganyika, Uganda, the Seychelles and Mauritius. The Indian government introduced the Gulf rupee also known as the Iranian Gulf rupee (XPGR) as a replacement for the Indian rupee for circulation outside the country with the Reserve Bank of India (Amendment) Act of 1 May 1959. The creation of a separate currency was an attempt to reduce the strain on Indias foreign reserves from gold smuggling.After India devalued the rupee on 6 June 1966, those countries still using it Oman, Qatar, and the Trucial States (which became the United Arab Emirates in 1971) replaced the Gulf r upee with their own currencies. Kuwait and Bahrain had already done so in 1961 and 1965, respectively. The Bhutanese ngultrum is pegged at par with the Indian rupee both currencies are accepted in Bhutan. The Nepalese rupee is pegged at 0.625 the Indian rupee is accepted inNepal, demur vitamin D and 1000 banknotes, which are not legal tender in Nepal. Sri Lankas rupee is not currently related to that of India it is pegged to the US dollar.14 -Coinsedit source editbetaMain article Modern Indian coinsEast India Company, 1835edit source editbetaThe three Presidencies established by the British East India Company (Bengal, Bombay and Madras) each issued their own coinages until 1835. All three issued rupees and fractions thereof down to 18- and 116-rupee in silver. Madras also issued two-rupee coins. Copper denominations were more varied. Bengal issued one-pie, 12-, one- and two-paise coins. Bombay issued 1-pie, 14-, 12-, 1-, 112-, 2- and 4-paise coins. In Madras there were copper co ins for two and four pies and one, two and four paisa, with the first two denominated as 12 and one dub (or 196 and 148) rupee. Madras also issued the Madras fanam until 1815. All three Presidencies issued gold mohurs and fractions of mohurs including 116, 12, 14 in Bengal, 115 (a gold rupee) and 13 (pancia) in Bombay and 14, 13 and 12 in Madras. In 1835, a single coinage for the EIC was introduced. It consisted of copper 112, 14 and 12 anna, silver 14, 13 and 1 rupee and gold 1 and 2 mohurs. In 1841, silver 2 annas were added, followed by copper 12 pice in 1853. The coinage of the EIC continued to be issued until 1862, even after the Company had been taken over by the Crown. Regal issues, 18621947edit source editbetaRegal issue minted during the reign ofKing/Emperor George V. In 1862, coins were introduced (known as regal issues) which bore the personation of Queen Victoria and the date India. Their denominations were112 anna, 12 pice, 14 and 12 anna (all in copper), 2 annas, 14 , 12 and one rupee (silver), and five and ten rupees and one mohur (gold). The gold denominations ceased production in 1891, and no 12-anna coins were issued after 1877. In 1906, bronze replaced copper for the lowest three denominations in 1907, a cupro- plate one-anna coin was introduced. In 19181919 cupro-nickel two-, four- and eight-annas wereintroduced, although the four- and eight-annas coins were only issued until 1921 and did not replace their silver equivalents. In 1918, the Bombay mint also laid low(p) gold sovereigns and 15-rupee coins identical in size to the sovereigns as an emergency measure during to the First World War. In the early 1940s, several changes were implemented. The 112 anna and 12 pice ceased production, the 14 anna was changed to a bronze, holed coin, cupro-nickel and nickel-brass 12-anna coins were introduced, nickel-brass was used to produce some one- and two-annas coins, and the silver composition was reduced from 91.7 to 50 percent. The last of the r egal issues were cupro-nickel 14-, 12- and one-rupee pieces minted in 1946 and 1947, bearing the image of George VI, King and Emperor on the obverse and an Indian tiger on the reverse.. Independent predecimal issues, 19501957edit source editbetaIndian one pice, minted in 1950Indias first coins after independence were issued in 1950 in 1 pice, 12, one and two annas, 14, 12 and one-rupee denominations. The sizes and composition were the same as the final regal issues, except for the one-pice (which was bronze, scarcely not holed). Independent decimal issues, 1957edit source editbetaIn 1964, India introduced aluminium coins for denominations up to 20p. The first decimal-coin issues in India consisted of 1, 2, 5, 10, 25 and 50 naye paise, and 1 rupee. The 1 naya paisa was bronze the 2, 5 & 10 naye paise were cupro-nickel, and the 25 naye paise (nicknamed chavanni 25 naye paise equals 4 annas), 50 naye paise (also called athanni 50 naye paise equaled 8 old annas) and 1-rupee coins wer e nickel. In 1964, the word naya(e) was removed from all coins. Between 1964 and 1967, aluminum one-, two-, three-, five- and ten-paise coins were introduced. In 1968 nickel-brass 20-paise coins were introduced, and replaced by aluminum coins in 1982. Between 1972 and 1975, cupro-nickel replaced nickel in the 25- and 50-paise and the 1-rupee coins in 1982, cupro-nickel two-rupee coins were introduced. In 1988 unmarred steel 10-, 25- and 50-paise coins were introduced, followed by 1- and 5-rupee coins in 1992. Five-rupee coins, made frombrass, are being minted by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI). Between 2005and 2008 new, lighter fifty-paise, one-, two- and five-rupee coins were introduced, made from ferritic stainless steel. The move was prompted by the melting-down of aged coins, whose face value was less than their scrap value. The demonetization of the 25-(chavanni)paise coin and all paise coins below it took place, and a new serial publication of coins (50 paise nicknamed athan ni one, two, five and ten rupees, with the new rupee symbol) were put into circulation in 2011. Coins commonly in circulation are one, two, five and ten rupees.1516 Although it is still legal tender, the 50-paise (athanni) coin is rarely seen in circulation.17 Circulating Coins 1518 pass judgment practiced parameters Description Year of Diameter Mass Composition Shape Obverse Reverse First minting Last minting 50 paise 19 mm 3.79 g Ferritic stainless steel notice figure of India Value, the word PAISE in English and Hindi, flowered motif and form of minting 2011 50 paise 22 mm 3.79 g Ferritic stainless steel Circular Emblem of India Value, hand in a fist 2008 1 25 mm 4.85 g Ferritic stainless steel Circular Emblem of India, value Value, two stalks of wheat 1992 1 25 mm 4.85 g Ferritic stainless steel Circular Emblem of India Value, hand showing thumb (an expression in the Bharata Natyam Dance) 2007 1 22 mm 3.79 g Ferritic stainless steel Circular Emblem of India Value, new rupee sign, floral motif and division of minting 2011 2 26 mm 6 g Cupro-Nickel Eleven Sided Emblem of India, Value National integration 1982 2 27 mm 5.62 g Ferritic stainless steel Circular Emblem of India, year of minting Value, hand showing two fingers (Hasta Mudra hand gesture from the dance Bharata Natyam) 2007 2 25 mm 4.85 g Ferritic stainless steel Circular Emblem of India Value, new rupee sign, floral motif and year of minting 2011 5 23 mm 9 g Cupro-Nickel Circular Emblem of India Value 1992 5 23 mm 6 g Ferritic stainless steel Circular Emblem of India Value, wavy lines 2007 5 23 mm 6 g Brass Circular Emblem of India Value, wavy lines 2009 5 23 mm 6 g Nickel- Brass Circular Emblem of India Value, new rupee sign, floral motif and year of minting 2011 1027 mm 5.62 g Bimetallic Circular Emblem of India with value Value, wavy lines 2006 10 27 mm 5.62 g Bimetallic Circular Emblem of India and year of minting Value with outward give out pattern, new rupee sign 2011 The coins are minted at the four locations of the India Government Mint. The 1, 2, and 5 coins have been minted since independence. Coins minted with the hand picture were minted from 2005 onwards. Special coinsedit source editbetaAfter independence, the Government of India mint, minted coins imprinted with Indian statesmen, historical and religious figures. In year 2010 for the first time ever 75, 150 and 1000 coins were minted in India to commemorate Reserve Bank of Indias Platinum jubilee, 150th birth anniversary of Rabindra Nath Tagore and 1000 years of Brihadeeswarar Temple, respectively. -Banknotesedit source editbetaThe design of banknotes is approved by the central government, on the recommendation of the central board of the Reserve Bank of India.1 Currency notes are printed at the Currency Note Press in Nashik, the Bank Note Press in Dewas, the Bharatiya Note Mudra Nigam (P) presses at Salboni and Mysore and at the Watermark Paper Manufacturing Mill in Hoshangabad. The curr ent series of banknotes (which began in 1996) is known as the Mahatma Gandhi series. Banknotes are issued in the denominations of 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 500 and 1000. The opinion of 5 notes (which had stopped earlier) resumed in 2009. ATMs usually distribute 100, 500 and 1,000 notes. The zero rupee note is not an official government issue, but a symbol of quetch it is printed (and distributed) by an NGO in India. British Indiaedit source editbetaBritish Indian ten rupee noteBritish Indian one rupee noteIn 1861, the government of India introduced its first paper money 10 notes in 1864, 5 notes in 1872, 10,000 notes in 1899, 100 notes in 1900, 50-rupee notes in 1905, 500-rupee notes in 1907 and 1000-rupee notes in1909. In 1917, 1- and 212-rupee notes were introduced. The Reserve Bank of India began banknote production in 1938, issuing 2, 5, 10, 50, 100, 1,000 and 10,000 notes while the government continued issuing 1 notes. Independent issues since 1949edit source editbetaAfter indepe ndence, new designs were introduced to replace the portrait of the king. The government continued issuing the 1note, while the Reserve Bank issued other denominations (including the 5,000 and 10,000 notes introduced in 1949). During the 1970s, 20 and 50 notes were introduced denominations high than 100 were demonetised in 1978. In 1987 the 500-rupee note was introduced, followed by the 1,000 note in 2000. 1 and 2 notes were give up in 1995. In September 2009, the Reserve Bank of India decided to introduce polymer banknotes on a political campaign basis. Initially, 100 crore (1 billion) pieces of polymer 10 notes provide be introduced.19 According to Reserve Bank officials, the polymer notes will have an average lifespan of five years (four times that of paper banknotes) and will be difficult to counterfeit they will also be cleaner than paper notes. Current banknotesedit source editbetaMain article Mahatma Gandhi Series (banknotes)Mahatma Gandhi series 1000 banknote with the po rtrait of Mahatma Gandhi The Mahatma Gandhi series of banknotes are issued by the Reserve Bank of India as legal tender. The series is so named because the obverse of each note features a portrait of Mahatma Gandhi. Since its introduction in 1996, this series has replaced all issued banknotes. The RBI introduced the series in 1996 with 10 and 500 banknotes. At present, the RBI issues banknotes in denominations from 5 to 1,000. The printing of 5 notes (which had stopped earlier) resumed in 2009. As of January 2012, the new sign has been incorporated into banknotes in denominations of 10, 20, 50, 100, 500 and 1,000.20212223 -Languagesedit source editbetaEach banknote has its amount written in 17 languages. On the obverse, the denomination is written in English and Hindi. On the reverse is a language circuit card which displays the denomination of the note in 15 of the 22 official languages of India. The languages are displayed in alphabetical order. Languages included on the panel a re Assamese, Bengali, Gujarati, Kannada, Kashmiri, Konkani, Malayalam, Marathi, Nepali, Oriya, Punjabi, Sanskrit,Tamil, Telugu and Urdu. Denominations in confused languagesLanguage 1 2 5 10 20 50 100 500 1000 English One rupee Two rupees Five rupees Ten rupees Twenty rupees Fifty rupees cytosine rupees Five hundred rupees One thousand rupees Assamese Bengali Gujarati Hindi Nepali Kannada Konkani Malayalam Marathi Sanskrit Kashmiri -Tamil Telugu Punjabi Urdu Oriya 0 -Mintingedit source editbetaA postcard depicting the Mint.The Government of India has the only right to mint the coins. The office for coinage comes under the Coinage Act, 1906 which is amended from time to time. The designing and minting of coins in various denominations is also the province of the Government of India. Coins are minted at the five India Government Mints at Mumbai, Alipore(Kolkata), Saifabad(Hyderabad), Cherlapally (Hyderabad) and NOIDA (UP).24 The coins are issued for circulation only through the Reserve Bank in terms of the RBI Act. -Security featuresedit source editbetaThe main credentials features of current banknotes are* Watermark White side panel of notes has Mahatma Gandhi watermark. * Security thread All notes have a silver or green security band with inscriptions (visible when held against light) of Bharat in Hindi and RBI in English. * Latent image On notes of denominations of 20 and upwards, a vertical band on the right side of the Mahatma Gandhis portrait contains a latent image showing the respective denominational value numerally (visible only when the note is held horizontally at eye level). * Microlettering Numeral denominational value is visible under magnifying glass between security thread and latent image. * Intaglio On notes with denominations of 5 and upwards the portrait of Mahatma Gandhi, the Reserve Bank seal, fix and promise clause, Ashoka Pillar Emblem on the left and the RBI Governors signature are printed in intaglio (raised print). * Identification mark On the left of the watermark window,different shapes are printed for various denominations 20 vertical rectangle, 50 square, 100 triangle, 500 circle, 1,000 diamond). This also helps the visually impaired to identify the denomination. * Fluorescence flake panels glow under ultraviolet light. * Optically variable ink Notes of 500 and 1,000 denominations have their numerals printed in optically variable ink. The number appears green when the note is held flat, but changes to blue when viewed at an angle. * See-through register patterned designs printed on the front and the back of the note coincide and perfectly overlap each other when viewed against light. * EURion form A pa ttern of symbols found on the banknote helps software detect the presence of a banknote in a digital image, preventing its reproduction with devices such as colour photocopiers. -Convertibilityedit source editbetaMost traded currencies by valueCurrency distribution of global foreign exchange market turnover2526 Rank Currency ISO 4217 code(Symbol) % daily share(April 2010)1 United States dollar USD ($) 84.9%2 Euro EUR () 39.1%3 Japanese yen JPY () 19.0%4 Pound sterling GBP () 12.9%5 Australian dollar AUD ($) 7.6%6 Swiss franc CHF (Fr) 6.4%7 Canadian dollar domestic dog ($) 5.3%8 Hong Kong dollar HKD ($) 2.4%9 Swedish krona SEK (kr) 2.2%10 New Zealand dollar NZD ($) 1.6%11 Singapore dollar SGD ($) 1.5%12 South Korean won KRW () 1.5%13 Norwegian krone NOK (kr) 1.3%14 Mexican peso MXN ($) 1.3%15 Indian rupee INR () 0.9%Other 12.2%Total27 200%Officially, the Indian rupee has a market-determined exchange rate. However, the RBI trades actively in the USD/INR currency market to impact eff ective exchange rates. Thus, the currency regime in place for the Indian rupee with respect to the US dollaris a de facto controlled exchange rate. This is sometimes called a managed float. Other rates (such as the EUR/INR and INR/JPY) have the volatility typical of floating exchange rates, and often create persistant arbitrage opportunities against the RBI.28 Unlike China, successive administrations (through RBI, the central bank) have not followed a insurance of pegging the INR to a specific foreign currency at a particular exchange rate.RBI disturbance in currency markets is solely to ensure low volatility in exchange rates, and not to influence the rate (or direction) of the Indian rupee in relation to other currencies.29 Also affecting convertibility is a series of customs regulations restricting the import and export of rupees. Legally, foreign nationals are forbidden from importing or exporting rupees Indian nationals can import and export only up to 7,500 at a time, and th e possession of 500 and 1,000 rupee notes in Nepal is prohibited 3031 RBI also exercises a system of metropolis controls in appurtenance to intervention (through active trading) in currency markets. On the current account, there are no currency-conversion restrictions hindering buying or selling foreign exchange (although trade barriers exist). On the capital account, foreign institutional investors have convertibility to bring money into and out of the country and buy securities (subject to quantitative restrictions). Local firms are able to take capital out of the country in order to expand globally. However, local households are restricted in their ability to diversify globally. Because of the expansion of the current and capital accounts, India is increasingly moving towards full de facto convertibility. on that point is some confusion regarding the interchange of the currency with gold, but the system that India follows is that money cannot be exchanged for gold under any c ircumstances due to golds lack of liquiditycitation needed therefore, money cannot be changed into gold by the RBI. India follows the same principle as Great Britain and the U.S. Reserve Bank of India clarifies its position regarding the promissory clause printed on each banknote As per Section 26 ofReserve Bank of India Act, 1934, the Bank is liable to pay the value of banknote. This is payable on demand by RBI, being the issuer. The Banks indebtedness to pay the value of banknote does not arise out of a contract but out of statutory provisions.The promissory clause printed on the banknotes i.e., I promise to pay the bearer an amount of X is a statement which means that the banknote is a legal tender for X amount. The obligation on the part of the Bank is to exchange a banknote for coins of an equivalent amount. 32 Chronologyedit source editbeta* 1991 India began to lift restrictions on its currency. A number of reforms remove restrictions on current account transactions (includ ing trade, interest payments and remittances and some capital asset-based transactions). Liberalised Exchange Rate Management System (LERMS) (a dual-exchange-rate system) introduced partial convertibility of the rupee in March 1992.33 * 1997 A panel (set up to explore capital account convertibility) recommended that India move towards full convertibility by 2000, but the timetable was abandoned in the wake of the 19971998East Asian financial crisis. * 2006 Prime Minister Manmohan Singh asked the Finance Minister and the Reserve Bank of India to spend a penny a road map for moving towards capital account convertibility.34 -Exchange ratesedit source editbetaHistoric exchange ratesedit source editbetaGraph of exchange rates of Indian rupee (INR) per 1 USD, 1 GBP, 1 EUR, 100 JPY averaged over the month, from September 1998 to May 2013. Data source Reserve Bank of India reference rate For to the highest degree a century since the Great Recoinage of 1816 until the outbreak of World War I, the Indian Rupee sustained parity with the US Dollar while pegged to the Pound Sterling that was exchanged at 4.80 (or 50 old pence per Rupee). Thereafter, both the Rupee and the Sterling gradually declined in worth against the US Dollar due to deficits in trade, capital and budget. In 1966, the Rupee was devalued and pegged to the US Dollar. The peg to the pound was at INR 13.33 to a Pound which itself was pegged to USD 4.03. That means officially speakingthe USD to INR rate would be closer to Rs 4. In 1966, India changed the peg to dollar at INR 7.50.35 Indian rupees per currency unit averaged over the year36 Currency code 1996 2000 2004 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2013 U.S. dollar USD 35.444 44.2 45.340 43.954 39.5 48.76112 45.3354 58 68.80 Canadian dollar CAD 26.002 30.283 34.914 41.098 42.92026 44.5915 52.1706 Euro* EUR 44.401 41.525 56.385 64.127 68.03312 60.5973 65.6987 Pound sterling GBP 55.389 68.119 83.064 80.633 76.38023 71.3313 83.6329 Swiss franc CHF 28 50Singapore dollar SGD 25.160 26.07 26.830 30.932 33.60388 34.5127 41.2737 *before 1 Jan 1999, European Currency Unit,Banknotes and coins in circulationedit source editbeta As of 2012 banknotes of the denominations of 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 500 and 1000 are in circulation coins with face-value of 50 paisa, 1, 2, 5 and 10 rupees. This is excluding the commemorative coins minted for special occasions.