Effect of Climate Change on Pollock Population

Effect of humour Change on pollack communityThe Population of pollack Under Climate Change as Determined by Age, Distri howeverion, and run Energy ContentAbstractpollack, like m both new(prenominal)wise species, respond to the threats of clime heighten inside their home in the Bering sea. lifespan in an ecosystem hugely affected by its seasonal churl sheet, pollack be enumerateent on the timing and extent of its annual movement. The affiliation examined in thispaper is the relationship amidst algal blooms, stale wet supply stratification, juvenile pollack predation, and gravid pollack tiltery enlisting. As the stint and lifespan of the sparkler sheet fluctuate, so does the issue forth of arctic water habitat and crank algae that juvenile pollack depend on to survive to adulthood. During a stratum with an primarily fall behind of/or little ice a smaller cold water area is established, loss juvenile pollack scatter to their cannibalistic adult counterpar ts. Also, during such a year, ice algae harvest-festivalion does not provide the high susceptibility lipids needed to fuel the juvenile pollock world finished and through their growth. This fibril ensnare, while not threatening for the survival of the entire cosmos, does carry substantive implications for searchery recruitment.IntroductionClimate change as a planetary phenomenon acts uniquely in different environments to a all-encompassing bunk of workable effects on almost every species. In the pivotal, many of these man-to-man systems draw back to the infamous retreating ice sheet, upon which Arctic species live, hunt, reproduce, and die. One Arctic species with major implications to humans may be experiencing difficulties referable to climate change as retreating sea ice alters its habitat in the Bering sea. Walleye pollock, (Gadus chalcogrammus), is a billion dollar bill industry in the US. This industry depends on the cancel seasonal variability of the Berin g Sea ice sheet as it every year descends and retreats everywhere the Bering Sea. This is the environmental clock that marks the algal blooms pollock depend on. In this way, as climate change alters the ice landscape the vitality discipline of the lower food chain is in addition affected, leading to a possible decrease in survival for adult pollock.Physical oceanography of the Bering SeaThere are three hydrographic areas within the southeastern Bering Sea shelf the coastal shelf, with a depth of less than 50 meters the middle shelf, with a depth of 50-100 meters and the outer(a) shelf, with a depth of 100-200 meters (Bering Sea, 2014). Pollock can be found over most of the Bering Sea, only when over a great deal of the population and studies occur in the east Bering Sea (east by south), where the research is centered. Pollock spend much of their term over the 500 kilometer wide sea shelf, which is mainly less than 180 meters deep (Hunt, et. al., 2011 Bering Sea, 2014). The processes that occur within the central shelf are most critical to pollock. (Stabeno, et. al., 2012)A par between the -2 degree water in the cold family during a fond year (2003) and a cold year (Blue) (2007) with depth contours of the EBS marked. Note that the potent year highlight has beenmoved down 2 degrees of latitude to show comparison.The middle part of the southeastern Bering Sea shelf is the region within the Bering Sea most affected by climate change. In this area, a well-mixed water tower appears in winter overdue to the strong flatuss however, in spend ii cl archaeozoic separated floors appear. The out layer of the summer water column is mixed by the wind while the groundwork layer is mixed by the tide. The nutrient-rich bottom layer is insu later(a)d from loosen uping by the surface layer once the water column stratifies. This insulation during the summer months causes the bottom layer to warm only slightly. Because the temperature of the bottom layer, the cold mob, depends on the water columns temperature during thetime of stratification, the time of ice retreat affects it greatly (Stabeno, et. al., 2012). The cold pools temperature waistcloth below two degrees Celsius for thesummer in cold geezerhood when capacious spring ice remains through April, while, during warm days with early ice retreat, the cold pools temperature remains supra two degrees Celsius during summer.seasonal worker Ice Sheet DataAccording to historical records, the incessant decline of the Arctic sea ice extent began in the late 1800s and has rapidly increased over the last three decades. The rate of ice loss in this period is unequaled by any other sea ice recession in the last thousand years (Polyak et. al., 2010). Additionally, the annual blind drunk temperature in the Arctic is now measured at being more than 1.5 degrees Celsius higher than it was in the period of time between 1971 and 2000. (Overland, et. al. 2013).Compiled historical records rela ting to Arctic ice margins comport shown that a global retreat of seasonal Arctic ice has been occurring since early in the twentieth century. This retreat has particularly accelerated in the last five decades in regards to some(prenominal) seasonal and perennial ice. Though reliable satellite records of ice margins have only been available since 1979, in the three decades of their existence, the recorded data has exhibited generally negative trends in sea-ice extent the month of September is particularly satisfying with a decline of 11% per decade. (Polyak, et. al., 2010).Since the eighties, Arctic sea ice record book has declined by 75% (Overland, et. al., 2013) between 1982 and 2007, perennial sea ice over five years of jump on decreased by 56%. The general coverage of perennial ice decreased by 88%, and any ice exceeding nine years of age all but disappeared. (Stroeve, et. al., 2008). A seasonally nearly ice freeArctic, an Arctic indigent of almost all perennial ice, shou ld appear within the next fifty dollar bill years. (Overland, et. al., 2013 Polyak, et. al., 2010 Stroeve, et. al., 2008). This eventuality will increase Arctic warming and may also affect weather systems that range beyond the Arctic. (Polyak, et. al. 2010).PollockPollock, (Gadus chalcogramma) was our main species of countation. These bottom fish are a relative of cod that commonly populate the Eastern Bering Sea. During their growth an individual can be expected to reach 30-91cm. Their range of habitat extends from roughly 100 meters below the surface to 300 meters, but they have been spotted at depths as low as k meters. Pollock, with a twelve year life span, go through some(prenominal) life phases base on age that dictate sort and identify on the food chain. These life phases will be referred to as adult over two years, or juvenile less than two years. youthful can also be broken into age 0, which hatched that year, and age 1.Distribution of pollock is dependant mainly on age and temperature (by season), and predator locations (Benoit-Bird et. al. 2013). Younger fish generally subsist on zooplankton such as copepods, while adults eat euphausiids (krill), tunicates, copepods, shrimp, and other fish as well as sometimes resorting to cannibalism of juvenile Pollock. Juvenile pollock triumph is dependent on timing and location overlap with their foredate copepods, and they enjoy a much greater overlap during cold years than in warm years (Siddon et. al. 2013). Pollock success is also directly linked to the lipid content of copepod prey sources (Heintz et. al. 2013).For age-0 pollock distribution the factors of original spawning ground and consequent survival, as well as the regular stresses that produce civiliseing behavior alsodetermine success (Benoit-Bird et. al. 2013). Overlap of adult and age-0 pollock that allows for cannibalism happens earlier during autumn and winter while cannibalism of age-1 pollock occurs farther Northwest during the su mmer months (Mueter et, al, 2011).Implications of Climate ChangeThe warm year vs. cold year effect is a key factor in the distribution of pollock based on their age and prey. Earlier sea ice retreat leads to an earlier plankton bloom, juvenile pollocks main prey and so those pollock move to and feed in those areas where copepods live off that bloom. For juvenile pollock, this produces a spike of surviving juvenile pollock fueled by the temporarily expanded prey source, but later on in the year pollock cannot get enough energy from their food to survive through the winter, and so later age class populations are reduced. In contrast, algal blooms on the ice sheet in cold years create a higher lipid content copepod source, so the population of pollock can be more abundant (Heintz et. al. 2013). There is a 33% increase (Heintz et. al. 2013) in energy of pollock when a cold year produces high-lipid copepods in overlap with juvenile pollock. In this way the success of juvenile pollock de termines the success of the species.The success of juvenile pollock during cold vs. warm years also is affected by distribution. Age 1 pollock can take refuge in the cold pool due to their greater temperature tolerance, while the older fish are pushed to outer shelf outside the cold pool. This keeps adult pollock from cannibalizing their juvenile counterparts in excess. The decrease in cold pool size during warm years reduces the availability of this safe habitat, which causes a cannibalism increase as pollock are the best food for other pollock when copepods and other prey have a low energy content (Siddon, personal communication). With more warm years in the Bering Sea due to climate change, the cold pool will bewarmer and lipid content of copepods will decrease. In this way the population recruitment of pollock will suffer. (Stabeno, et. al., 2012).Human InteractionsThe pollock catch has annually averaged 1.3 million tons ever since the late 1980s when united States vessels firs t began fishing for pollock. Today, the pollock fishery is the largest in the United States by volume. Since 1998, pollock prices have hovered at approximately one dollar per pound.A table of age two fish caught shows a correlation coefficient between year temperature, or previous year temperature and the amount of two-year-old (new adult) fish caught.The pollock fishery is currently the second largest in the world and do up 61.9% of the total Alaskan groundfish catch in 2012 (Walleye Pollock inquiry, 2012). The U.S. fishery landed roughly 1.26 million tons between 2012 and 2014. In 2012 the products derived from the catch were worth over 1 billion dollars, and the catch itself precious $343 million. This massive resource fuels the imitation crab industry and is the fillet persona in fried fillet sandwiches. This use is in part due to the natural oil content which is both higher than the content in similar species and considered more flavorful. (NOAA, 2014) To a much lesser exten t, money from the pollock fishery goesback into native villages on the west coast of Alaska. This happens through jobs, subsidies and money given back to the tribal government (Pollock Provides, 2008).RecommendationsAs the amount of pollock recruited to adulthood will greatly deteriorate with the increase of warm years in the southeastern Bering Sea shelf, it is to be recommended that fisheries begin to consider the recruitment of other species to serve as a buffer for original pollock products. Arrowtooth swag (Atheresthes stomias), could be a possible alternative to pollock for surimi, which is more commonly known as imitation crab. Though the arrowtooth flounder has not been commercially fished in the past because of an enzyme that quickly breaks down the fish when heated, additives have been developed that can stop the flesh from degrading.These additives will open up opportunities for the arrowtooth flounders commercial fishery its marketability will be greatly benefited as well (Arrowtooth Flounder Overview, 2014 Arrowtooth Flounder question, 2014). This makes a surimi product that originates from arrowtooth flounder a viable alternative to the current pollock surimi instituting arrowtooth flounder based surimi products will reduce the human-related strain on the pollock population while also reducing human dependence on the continually deteriorating pollock fishery.ConclusionPollock is a vital component to the Bering Sea ecosystem, both for the food chain and the humans who fish from it. As the Arctics mean temperature has risen by approximately 1.5 degrees Celsius in the last four decades and the ice sheet volume hasdecreased by 75% (Overland et. al. 2013), it is reasonable to discontinue that the temperature will only rise higher and higher as the Bering ice sheet retreats earlier and earlier. This would greatly affect the southeastern Bering Sea shelf by raising the temperature of the summer cold pool perpetually above 2 degrees Celsius, therefo re instituting a repeating cycle of continuous warm years that would be detrimental to pollock population recruitment, as the plankton prey that juvenile pollock depend on would bloom earlier, leaving pollock with less energy during the later months. (Stabeno et. al. 2012 Heintz et. al. 2014).BibliographyArrowtooth Flounder Overview (2014). anglewatch.gov. Retrieved fromhttp//www.fishwatch.gov/seafood_profiles/species/flounder/species_pages/arrowtooth_flounder.htmArrowtooth Flounder Research (2014). NOAA. Retrieved fromhttp//www.afsc.noaa.gov/species/Arrowtooth_flounder.phpBenoit-Bird, K. , McIntosh, N. , Heppell, S. (2013) Nested scales of spatial heterogeneity in juvenile walleye pollock Theragra chalcogramma in the southeastern Bering Sea. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 484, 219-238. 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