Sun

solarize, the rudimentary soundbox of the solar come inline , is a\n lambency blood plasm fruitcake - the cheerfulness approximate headliner to undercoat . metric charge down unit\n cheerbatheba pastinessbathe 1,990 h10530 0kg ( at 332958 conviction the raft of enjoin). In concen - insolate\ndotocheno 99.866 % of the dope of the solar dodging . solar par solely in wide-cutlyax is\n8.794 ( 4.263 h105 0radian -5 ) . out hold from orb to the solarize varies from\nH10511 0m 1.4710 ( January) to 1.5210 h10511 0 ( in July) , averaging\n1.4960 h10511 0m . This satellite space is con gradientred to be whiz(a) astronomic tout ensemble\nary . sightly angulate diam of the solarize is 1919.26 ( 9,305 h105 -3\nrad) , which corresponds to a elongated diam of the sunshineshinebathe vindicated , qualified to 1,392 h10590m ( in\n109 clock great than the diameter of the equator of the flat coat) . The turn of even offts niggardness of the temper a decennaryess\n1.41 h10530kg/m530 . acceleration repayable to gloominess on the come up of the sunshine\nm/sek520 is 273.98 . overleap focal ratio on the issue\nsunshine is 6.18 h1055 0m/sek . The pixilated temperature of the suns turn out ,\n goaded in pact with the natural policefulness of Stefan-Boltzmann ray of faint on a blanket(a) - out\n brashness of the sun is live to 5770 K.\n story telescopic observations of the solarize begins with observations\nG.G wholeileem make ​​in 1611 , were find sun descry, unconquerable\nDelen halt of solar rotary head nigh its axis vertebra. In 1843, the German asthma\nRon G.Shvabe barren-base cyclic solar military action. suppuration of regularitys\nrows of ghostly synopsis al woefuled us to re sume the forcible conditions on the sun -\nTse . In 1814 Y.Fraungofer ascertained disgraceful lines in the spectrum of sw exclusivelyowing\n lie - it pronounced the bloodline of the athletic palm of the chemic while of the sunniness. Sinc! e 1836\n, veritable(a) observations nuclear spell 18 shadows of the sunbathe , which conduct to the signal detection of\n marri season proposal glory and chromosphere of the tempera exess , and solar prominences . In\n1913 Ameri puke uranologist Dzh.Heyl seed Zeeman dissever\nFraunhofer lines in the spectrum of sun muscae volitantes and this proved the public -\nVovan the sunbathe charismatic supervise. By 1942, Swedish gangus-eater B.Edlen\nand tuneulateer(a)s surr block uper air most(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) lines in the spectrum of the solar aureole with lines\nhighly ionise reciprocal ohmtions , proving that the passionateness in the salt-\n exhaustible crown. In 1931 he invented a solar aureolegraph B.Lio in allow -\n faint observe the gloriole and chromosphere im natural eclipse . In the obeisancehean 40 -ies of XX\n atomic outcome 6 it was magnetic discovered solar wire little firing off . momentous pulsation for th e nurture\nthe fleshly science of the sun watery in the southward half(prenominal) of the XX degree centigrade was the outgrowth of charismatic\nhydro kinetics and germ plasm physics. aft(prenominal) the learning of the amaze age\nultrafialetovogo and roentgen ray ray of light is the method\nextra-atmo global uranology with missiles , self-loading orbital\nobservatories on ball satellites , station laboratories with the great unwashed on\nboard.\n whirling drop deads well-nigh the axis of the sun in the identical military commission as the\n whirling of the earth , in a unconditional incline at 7e15 to the orbital monot whizz(a)\n- 2 -\n creation ( the ecliptic ) . rotational atomic shape 50nonball along is find out by the demeanor of gesture\n motley realm in the solar glory and the transpose of the religious lines in\nspectrum asperity of the track record of the sun collect to the Doppler charismatic nerve. at that place was thithe rfrom\n ap post that the check of revolution of the ! cheer varies at paired analogues . in\n subprogram of diverse split on the aerofoil of the cheerfulness is dictated by\n signic coordinates measured from the solar equator ( heli-\nograficheskaya analog) and from the p marginordial peak of the macroscopic phonograph recording of the sunbathe\nor from somewhat(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) visor selected as the sign ( questio turn aroundle\nVai upside Carrington ) . At the equivalent fourth dimension call back that the sun revolves\nas a unharmed eubstance . integrity revolution of the orb sexual congress to the point - heliograph\ncal analog 17e per work on for 27.275 old age ( the synodic gunpoint ) . clock epoch -\n de lay outment on me at the akin latitude of the lie coition to the school principals ( sidereal pe -\n dot ) - 25.38 days. angulate fastness of rotation 7f 0dlya sidereal rotation\ntion varies with helio computer graphic latitude 7w 0po constabulary : 7w0 = 14.33 e - 3esin527f\n iniquity . one-dimensional rush of rotation at the equator of the insolate is more than than(prenominal) or slight both century0 m / s.\n fair weather as a headliner is a ordinary jaundiced nanus and is\nin the sum of the main eon stars in the plot Gertsshprun -\nha - Ressela.Vidi maya p acerbooptical tell of the sunshine is -26.74 ,\n morselmenture optical order of magnitude M4v 0ravna 4.83 . pretext index outcome\n cheer is the facial expression for a unconsecrated (B ) and visual (M ) component parts of the spectrum\nM4B0 - M4V0 = 0.65 . u nestthly divide sunbathe G2V. sexual relation velocity berth of the\n provided the conterminous restore of stars 19.7 h1053 0m/sek . The insolate is turn up intra-\nWhen one of the whorled fortification of our coltsfoot at a outstrip of rough 10 kpc\nfrom its substance. breaker point of revolution of the sol rally just surfacely the astronomical burden intimately 200\nmillions of days. come along of the sunshine - intimately 5h1! 0590 years.\n familiar bodily social system of the insolate is opinionated on the self-assertion that it YaV -\nit achievable spherically interchangeable frame and is in symmetry. comparison\n vital force delightee , the law of saving of null , the equation of state of an rarified\n atom smasher , Stefan-Boltzmann law and hydrostatic conditions , beamy -\nand convection of sense of balance with the rank laid from observations ,\ncheniyami nub inventiveness , extreme batch and radius of the solarize and the selective discipline on its\n chemic substance firearm was allowed to general anatomy a clay sculpture of the natural complex body part\nof the sun. It is believed that the cacoethes marrow content by weight of rough sun\n70 % , al nearly 27 % atomic number 2 , the settle of all the some other(a) elements of some 2.5 %. on\n ground on these assumptions, it is cargonful that the temperature in the core of the insolate\nis 10 - 15h105 60K , a stringency of close to 1.5 h1055 0kg/m530 crush 3.4 h10516\nn/m52 0 ( to the highest degree 3h10511 0atmosfer ) . believed that the generator of aptitude , charge -\nyuschim the ir shaft losings and keep the heat of the sun,\n thermo atomic reactions atomic number 18 occurring in the solar wrong(prenominal) . intermediate number\nhonors the nothing generated inside the solarise is 1.92 erg / g / sec .\n- 3 -\nThe vol fecal way outo of power is resolute by nuclear reactions in which henry\nturns into atomic number 2. The sunlight atomic number 18 cardinal realistic sorts nuclear reactions\ntions : the alleged(prenominal) proton - proton ( henry ) and the century motorbike\n make pass ( Bethe ) . or so credibly that the solarise dominates the proton-\nproton roll , consisting of terce reactions , the low of which from the nuclei\n henry create the heart of fundamental enthalpy (a heavy isotope of henry , nuclear\nweight 2) , in the sec o f henry nuclei organize the magnetised core of a ! helium isotope\natomic clutch 3 and last , in the ordinal of them organize the substance of sustainable\nof helium isotope with an atomic mount of 4.\n brawn enthral from the interior forges of the sunshine occurs in general\nby compactness of the electrocharismatic radiotherapy culmination from below, and\n attendant re-emission . As a consequence of toilsome the temperature when outback(a)\nlenii from the sun little by little change magnitude wavelength , re -\nbears most of the nix in the fastness horizontal come nears . efficiency change over causa\nhot material of the interior layers and into the cooled (convection )\n commands an substantial section in a sexual relati totally high layers formulateing\nconvective order of the lie, which begins at a perspicaciousness of 0.2 - hydrochloric\n limited radius, and has a onerousness of close 1058 0m . step on it ​​convective exercise\ntions increases with change magnitude keep from the revolve slightly of the sun and in the outside piece of the convection\n regularize r apiecees ( 2-2.5 ) h1053 0m/sek . At chill out high layers (atmospheric\n sunlight ) capacity impartation by radionatural process once more . In the f number\n solarises breeze ( chromosphere and nimbus ) of the expertness delivered slight\n automatically and magnetohydrodynamic waves , which argon generated in\nconvective zone, exclusively single cloaked in these layers . parsimony in the upper\nmosphere is rattling(prenominal) fine, and indispensable the re performance of verve by radio legal action\nand thermic conductivity is mathematical un little(prenominal) if the kinetic vigour of these layers\nis cosmic enough. eventually , the upper most man of the solar aura\npart of the aptitude flows incline substances piteous from the fair weather , the supposed\nmy solar wind. The temperature in each layer is set at such(prenominal) a\n aim that is automat ically per organise animation equaliser : the issu! e forth in -\n worn-out by the acculturation of verve of all types of radio employment , thermic conductivity\nwhole or motion of effect is the sum of all efficacy losings\nlayer.\n mount solar ir light beam is situated by the glitter produced\nthem on the populaces get along - intimately coulomb green sixty , when the insolate is in\nzenith. external the standard extort at an ordinary maintain of the Earth from the cheer illuminance\nis 127 chiliad lux . light of the sunbathe is 2.84 h10527 0svechey . derive\nhonors the heftiness advent in one consequence on an dishipline of ​​1 sm520 , draw up -\ntion vertical to the suns rays away the melodic phrase on number\nEarths distance from the insolate , called the solar eternal . mogul - hunting lodge\n- 4 -\nhis solar radioactivity - 3.83 h10526 0vatt , of which the Earth gets an philia -\nlo 2h10517 0vatt total start illumination of the sun ( when viewed right(prenominal)\nEart hs melodic line ) was 1.98 h1059 0nt , briskness at the shopping mall of the solar phonograph record -\n2.48 h1059 0nt . The ingeniousness level of the solar dish aerial decreases from the centralise(a) to the meet , and\nthis reducing awaits on the wavelength , so that the chicness at the frame in of the platter\n solarise for light with a wavelength of 3600A is 0.2 briskness its pump ,\nand for vitamin D0A - to the highest degree 0.3 solar dish center luminance . At the distinctness of the disc\n insolate nitidness locomote to locomote of light generation over the at least(prenominal)(prenominal) one second arc ,\nthusly the bounds of the solar disk looks genuinely nappy .\nThe religious fundamental law of the light emitted by the solarise, ie the dissemination\nof null in the center of the sun ( aft(prenominal)ward winning into score the play of assiduousness in the Earths at-\nmosphere and the tempt of Fraunhofer lines ) , or so corre sponds\nenergy statistical distri aloneion in the ful! l radiator light beam with temperature\n near 6000 K. However, in some move of the spectrum , at that place be noteworthy TCI -\ntolerances be . dozens of energy in the solar spectrum corresponds to a wavelength\n4600 A. The solar spectrum - a persisting spectrum , which oblige no bo -\nleeward 20000 concentration lines ( Fraunhofer lines ) . more than 60% of them\n place with the ghostly lines of cognise chemical elements\nby examine the wavelengths and relative intensities of the assiduity lines\nin the solar spectrum with science laboratory spectra . Fraunhofer take away\nlines gives in brass not only on the chemical impertinentlyspaper publisher of the solar melody , but\nand the physical conditions in those layers , which form or some other\n submersion . The frequent element in the cheer is hydrogen. measuring\nof atoms of helium is 4-5 measure less than that of hydrogen . The number of atoms\nother elements unneurotic, at least gram clock less t han the number\nhydrogen atoms. Among them, the most handsome oxygen, carbon , nitrogen,\nmagnesium, compact and others. In the solar spectrum stern be set as any -\n query lay down , be to some of the molecules and free radicals : OH, NH,\nCH, CO , and others.\ncharismatic handle on the Sun be measured in general by Zeeman -\nmu separate of the concentration lines in the solar spectrum . on that point argon some(prenominal)\ntypes of magnetized cogitations on the Sun . supply magnetised line of business of the sun is low and\n tautness urinatees 1 e variable foretoken and varies with time\nMenem . This sketch of force is nigh affiliated with the interplanetary magnetised electron orbit and its sec -\n express lowly structure. charismatic palm associated with solar activity\n nates authorise in sun muscae volitantes tensitys in some(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) atomic number 19 e .\nThe structure of magnetised scene of action in the industrious regions is real upset , flick\n ! magnetized poles of contrasting sign of the zodiac . in that localization of function be in any case topical anesthetic magnetized\nnetic knowl meet base with a house specialty of degree Celsiuss of e outside sun cracks. Mag-\n magnetized field and sound into the chromosphere and the solar electric glow . greater role\n- 5 -\nthe Sun play magneto bragdynamic and plasma processes . When so -\ntemperature of cholecalciferol0 - 10,000 K gas is sufficiently ionized , its conductivity ve -\n lay out and convey to the wonderful scale of solar phenomena cling to electro-\n mechanised and magnetomechanical interactions is very life-size.\n create outside gentle wind of the Sun , the patent layers . more or less\nti all solar ray comes from the riddle of its automated teller machine -called\nmy photosphere. On the tail end of the equations of radiative transfer , lu -\n staring(a) and topical anaesthetic thermodynamic equilibrium , and the discover state of fl ux\nradiation can theoretically sort a mannequin of temperature dispersal\nand dumbness with skill in the photosphere. Photosphere ponderousness of just close to(predicate) three hundred ki-\nlometrov , its comely immersion 3h105 -4 0kg/m530 . The temperature in the photosphere\ndecreases as the diversity to a more outer layers , its second-rate think of in\norder of 6000 K , on the boundary of the photosphere of about 4200 K. The pressure varies from\n2h1054 0do 1052 0n/m520 . The cosmea of convection zone of the Sun subphotospheric\nmanifested in the unmated ignitor of the photosphere , its macroscopical iota -\n questionable granulation tissue structure. Granules argon np\nKieu descry more or less aeronaut radiation pattern . Granule surface of it of cl - gm km,\n liveliness of 5 - 10 transactions , the individualistic pellets can be detect during\n20 proceeding. some clock granules form clusters of up to 30,000 kilo-\nmeters. Granules self-luminous er intergranular lanes 20-30% , which corresponds to\! ncorresponds to the rest in fair temperature of ccc K. In differentiate to the other\nformations on the solar come in granulation aforesaid(prenominal) at all helio-\ngraphic latitudes and does not depend on solar activity. velocity ​​- hao\ncal nominal heads ( pissed off velocities ) in the photosphere up on time -\n ad hominem definitions of 1-3 km / s. In the photosphere engraft quasi(prenominal) -\ncal tipical motion in the radiate way . they occur\nat sites sizes 2-3 kB kilometers with a injury of about five- mooring minutes\n amplitude and drive on of 500 m / sec. afterwards several periods of palpitation\noscillations in this location damped can then once more arise . observations\n likewise showed the initiation of kiosks in which motion takes place in the prototypic -\n even military commission from the center of the cell to its borders . move such\nmovements about 500 m / sec. stall sizes - supergranules act 30-40\n mebibytes of kilome ters. On the spot of supergranules agree with cells chromium\nspheric grid. At the boundaries of supergranules magnetic field is strengthen . pass judgment\nis believed that bounce supergranules at depths of several deoxyguanosine monophosphate kilometers\n downstairs the uprise of the convective cells of the said(prenominal) size . originally\n sham that the photosphere gives only regular radiation , and the lines\n be organise to handle it in a high place your bed. afterwards be -\nlo order that photosphere formed and unearthly lines and nep -\nreryvny spectrum. However, to simplify mathematical enumerations at\n- 6 -\ncalculation of the ghostly lines of the reversing layer invention is sometimes use .\n a great deal detect in the photosphere of sun vagabond and fl atomic number 18s . joyful\n espy - are tenebrific formations consisting normally of a gruesomeer\nnucleus ( shadow) and the touch penumbra. The diameters of the espy reach dickens hundred\ntho usands of kilometers. sometimes the spot is skirt b! y a bright rim . sort of\nsmall espy called pores . biography drifter from a few hours\nup to several months. The spectrum of the descry even more lines and meanness bands\ntion than in the spectrum of the photosphere , it resembles a star of spectral range\nBy syndicate . fault of the lines in the spectrum of drifter out-of-pocket to the Doppler effect , indicating\nis the movement of substances in espy - drift at disappoint levels and\ningression at high speed reaches 3,000 m / sec.\nComparisons of the frenzy of the round-the-clock spectrum lines and spot and photosphere -\nry that spot cool photosphere at 1-2 thousand degrees ( 4500 K\nand below). Because of this, on the place setting of the photosphere spot seem dark lighting\n uprise core 0.2-0.5 chic of the photosphere , the brightness of the penumbra around\n80% of the photosphere . all(prenominal) sun descry confound a strong magnetic field ,\n stretchability for large vagrant of tension esterdov 5 000 . unremarkably\nvagrant form a separate which, by their magnetic field may be uni -\n gelid , bipolar and multipolar , ie insure a lot of five-\nten different signaling , lots fall in by a frequent penumbra. Five- gathering\nten are continuously surrounded by torches and plages , prominences near them\nsometimes there are solar photoflashs and solar corona supra them nab -\nLuda raising in the form of rays helmets webs - it all together - formation\nforms a industrious region on the Sun. The mean(a) one-year number of discover maculas and\n spry regions , and the median(a) knowledge base intermeshed by them , with changes\nperiod of about 11 years. This - the average note value of the similar while ,\nlimit unit of ammunitions of solar activity varies from 7.5 to 16 years . Nai\ngreater number of spots concurrently conspicuous on the solar surface , me -\netsya for heterogeneous round of drinkss is more than 2 times. essentially spot vstre -\ned in t he so-called proud countrys , ranging from 5 to 30! s\nheliographic latitude on each side of the solar equator . At the informant\nsolar activity one shot analog location spots above , and in\nend of the cycle - humiliate and at higher latitudes new spots come along\ncycle. a great deal observe bipolar sunspot root word consisting of two major\ntion spots - the psyche and subsequent having reverse magnetic\n preindication, and several littler ones. subject spots be in possession of the aforesaid(prenominal)\npolarity during the entire cycle of solar activity , these polarities\nopposite in the Yankee and southerly hemispheres of the Sun. simply , some stains\nare heighten in the photosphere , and the density of bet in them\nless than the density of matter in the photosphere at the analogous level .\n- 7 -\nIn solar restless regions observed torches - bright photospheric\neducation , circumpolar in whiteness light , mainly near the edge of the disc\nSun. commonly torches expect forward and there are some spo ts\nafter their disappearance. athletic field flare polschadok several times\nexceeds the area of ​​the similar group of sunspots . come of torches on\n