Corporate Social Responsibilty In Mauritius Management Essay

Corporate Social Responsibilty In Mauritius Management EssayThe European Commission defined Corporate Social indebtedness as a belief whereby companies integrate accessible and environmental concerns in their business enterprise operations and in their interaction with their stakeholders on a willful basis.In some other words, it concerns actions by companies all over and above their legal obligations towards connection and the environment. fit in to the European Commission certain regulatory measures tail create a more conducive environment for organisations to voluntarily meet their social righteousness.Similarly, the National Empowerment Foundation (NEF) defines Corporate Social certificate of indebtedness as the concept whereby companies act to eternal sleep their own economic proceeds with the sustainable social and environmental development of the argona. An organisation that is highly involved in CSR is unrivalled that goes beyond the legal ossification and actively practices optimistic impacts on the topical anesthetic communities and the environment. In fact, there is non a standard definition of Corporate Social tariff as it is varies concord to mingled countries and cultures. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has become an burning(prenominal) issue over the last two decades. Lawyers, practitioners, economists, and civil society countenance contributed to defining, developing, and analysing the content, nature and execution of CSR (P. R.Waagstein, 2011).CSR has been practiced by companies all over the world for m all years as shown by many look intoers. At the beginning, it was more for staff well- existence. For instance, during the industrial innovation and age, factories translated assorted facilities for the lodge surrounding them in order to make use of their labour. Over the past few years, both businesses and academic searchers support shown increasing pursuance and enthusiasm for Corporate Social Respons ibility. For instance, research make has suggested that CSR may be an streamlined tool to improve the legitimacy of companies amongst their stakeholders as per Handelman and Arnold (1999), and to develop positive social business images, according to Sen and Bhattacharya (2001).PROBLEM STATEMENTThe term CSR has, over years, been coined to allow the economic development of a country to participate in the socio-economic development. By being responsible for society, the same industries were allowed to give back, in a responsible office, to great deal working for them and purchasing their goods and services. Amongst the different levels of society, the emergence of pick out for different categories arose, for example, handicapped people, throw out children, out law of natures, the elderly and street people. Thus, Corporate Social Responsibility became a term used for catering to all categories of humans and their wellness in the society.At the onset, Corporate Social Responsibil ity was a voluntary initiative for companies to act socially responsible. However, over the years, especially in the young millennium, since complete improvement was not totally visible around the world, the United Nations proposed some millenary information Goals to improve the general conditions of living. One of their main goals was to eradicate absolute poverty in developing countries and underdeveloped countries. Indeed, the United Nations Millennium Campaign, started in 2002, supports and inspires people from all four corners of the world to get involved and take actions in supporting the Millennium Development Goals. As stated, the main challenges and major concerns of the external community is to eradicate absolute poverty, but this sens only be through by the unite efforts of all governments, civil society organisations and the private firmament. As mentioned by the United Nations Secretary General Ban Ki-moon the goals atomic second 18 ambitious but feasible and, u nitedly with the comprehensive United Nations development ag odditya, set the course for the worlds efforts to alleviate extreme poverty by 2015. The Government of Mauritius has established a policy with the neutral of mandating registered companies to have a bun in the oven 2% of their book profit towards programmes that contribute to the social and environmental development of the country.In Mauritius, CSR has been formulated in the year 2008, when then the Minister of Finance unflinching that companies should reinvest 2% of their book profit towards societal development. To date, CSR has been practiced by companies for years and one of the main issues that arose recently is how to regulate it. Should it be a legal norm, honest norm or social norm? This question can be further elaborated Should CSR be regulate through state regulation, code of plow or self-regulation? Should it be regulated in a voluntary expressive style or should it be an obligation to corporations? Anothe r question that a jump ons is whether it is the utilization of the private sector to take c atomic number 18 or to look after the society, or whether it is the role of the government to do so, since all companies are paying tax and the main objective of a company is to maximise get. In addition, on a different perspective, another question emerges should an organisation only centralize on maximising profits or should its role as a socially responsible organisation in any case include looking after its society and the community?Matten and Moon (2008) offers a broad interpretation, arguing that it should be perceived both as a social imperative and social consequence of business success. Accordingly, two forms of CSR, implicit and explicit, have been introduced. Implicit CSR is embedded in various relationships among business, society and government within the political system. It is represented by strong values, norms and rules or regulations which require corporations to address stakeholder issues. It is important to note that politics and organisations are interrelated and interdependent as they need each other to accomplish their social responsibility in an effective and efficient way. A textbook example in Mauritius would be the Compagnie Mauricienne de Textile (CMT) that has donated Rs 25m to the government for the new project of building a high tech school for compromising and deprived children.1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDYThe aim of this research is to determine the importance of voluntary or authorization CSR for the overall socio-economic development of the country. In this context, the specific objectives are toTo assess the local opinion of CSR drivers and whether it is better as a mandatory or voluntary practice. This lead provide a course of action for the new Ministry of Social Integration and Economic Empowerment.To provide for modifications in the local way of practicing CSR and to be able to answer queries of International organisa tions on eradication of poverty.To make recommendations so as to meet the targets set by United Nations and the Millennium Development Goals project, and to showcase Mauritius as a success example in Africa.1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE look forIn fact, Corporate Social Responsibility is mandatory in Mauritius and this research primarily focuses on determining the opinions, points of view and the experiences of companies that are actively engaged in CSR. Further assessment leave behind be made as to whether they prefer a voluntary or mandatory implementation and determining whether the local way of practicing CSR has benefitted society and provided improvements in the current way local companies are practicing CSR.In addition, it analyses the need for mandatory Corporate Social Responsibility in Mauritius and determines whether the government should deem open it mandatory or voluntary or both. It further develops the fancy of whether voluntary CSR should be modified to some other for m to cater to the needs of the Mauritanian society.It also gives a comprehensive overview of findings and conclusions that will allow the local CSR Committee and Government to polish and improve its CSR policies for the country.1.5 RESEARCH QUESTIONSBased on the above research objectives of the study, the following research questions have been formulatedHow organisations define Corporate Social Responsibility?Awareness of local CSR guidelines and what their opinions are and suggestions on the CSR guidelines?What problems they encounter while implementing CSR practices? How can the CSR Committee help in implementing CSR activities?How businesses perceive Corporate Social Responsibility as a mandatory practice in Mauritius. Should it be voluntary or mandatory?1.6 STRUCTURE OF THE DISSERTATIONChapter 1 IntroductionThis chapter provides an overview of the topic research on Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), and sets out the problem statement of the study, outlining the objectives of the research and highlighting the research questions.Chapter 2 Literature ReviewThis chapter reviews the literature relevant to the topic. It provides past reviews carried out by different researchers on Corporate Social Responsibility in various countries around the world. It also provides a description of CSR implementation in Mauritius and the similarities and contrasts that exist among the different countries.Chapter 3 MethodologyThe methodology chapter outlines the methods and techniques used to stick out the study, namely the research approach, design and strategy used. Information about the target population including the sample size and sampling method is given along with lucubrate about the interview questionnaire.Chapter 4 Analysis and FindingsThis chapter presents the data analysis and research findings. The source of data has been derived mainly from interviews that have been carried out. Further, discussions are ground on the findings of this study.Chapter 5 R ecommendations and ConclusionsIn this final chapter, appropriate recommendations will be made and the chapter will end with a concluding paragraph including the possibility for further or in store(predicate) research.CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW2.1 INTRODUCTIONThis chapter presents an overview of the literature relevant to Corporate Social Responsibility. It provides a review of the past studies carried out by different researchers.The idea of social responsibility emerged in the United States at the beginning of the 20th century. Carroll (1989) states terzetto critical turning points in the evolution of social responsibilityThe entrepreneurial EraBusinessmen in America were building industrial empires and were abusing their power, being found guilty of antisocial and anticompetitive practices. Such practices included tax evasion and other u winningshical business practices. This caused frustration among the public who voiced their objections, causing the government to enforce la ws whereby business had a role to play in society beyond profit maximisation.The Depression era of 1929- 1930sThe economy of United States was dominated by large organisations and the government passed laws to protect investors and smaller businesses. In addition, the social responsibility of organisations was more understandably defined.(iii)The Social Era of 1960sThis era was characterised by social turmoil in the United States. The Government looked closely at organisational practices and it was clearly defined to whom the organisation was responsible and who in an organisation was responsible for the organisational practices.Bowen (1953) the pioneering advocate of CSR, described Corporate Social Responsibility in terms of the obligations of businessmen to lease those policies, to make those decisions, or to follow those lines of action which are desirable in terms of objectives and values of our society. (Social Responsibilities of Businessmen, 1953). The emphasis was laid on peoples conscience kind of on the company itself. This alteration in focus was provoked by a number of factors such as the managerial revolution and the mounting hostility of people experiencing social problems.The obligations were further elaborated upon, going beyond economic and legal implications by including the employee, the community welfare and the political and educational needs of society (McGuire, 1963). This gave rise to the modern concept of corporate citizenship (Maignan, Ferrell, and Hult, 1999).The Committee for Economic Development (1971) viewed CSR as the service of a coarse range of human values to improve the timbre of life. The managerial role in changing societal carryations has also been articulated by the Committee. On one hand, Manne Wallich (1972) mentioned that businesses should not spoil society but should provide solutions through voluntary assumption of obligations. On the other hand, Caroll (1979) summarised the discussion by providing the follow ing definition social responsibility of business encompasses the economic, legal, ethical and discretionary expectations that society has of organisations at a given point in time.Figure 1 Carrolls classic pyramid (Carroll, 1991)Carrolls CSR Pyramid covers the whole perspective of what society can expect from a company, economically as well as socially. This theory can be used to identify a companys CSR activities and how they use CSR as a strategy. It will further explain and secernate the connection between a companys CSR activities and its stakeholders. Carrolls CSR Pyramid can be used as a tool to clarify the different kinds of responsibilities that a company has to fulfil in order to achieve legitimacy from its surrounding society and stakeholders.2.1 Definition of Corporate Social ResponsibilityVarious organisations have viewed CSR in different ways, although there are considerable common opinions between them. According to Mallen Baker (2004), CSR is about how companies mana ge the business processes to produce an overall positive impact on society.Lord Holmes and Richard Watts (2000), in their publications Making Good Business Sense, defined CSR as Corporate Social Responsibility is the continuing commitment by business to behave ethically and contribute to economic development while up the quality of life of the workforce and their families as well as of the local community and society at large. This publication also provides some evidence of the different perceptions of what this should mean to a number of different societies across the world. It enjoys ethnic differences and finds the business opportunities in building the skills of employees, the community and the government through CSR.Corporate Social Responsibility Developing Countries and Overseas ExperiencesIn the year 2000 , the Millennium Development Goals set the challenge of Corporate Social responsibility in developing countries in view of eradicating poverty, hunger, providing better education to children, equal opportunities for women and a healthier environment (UN, 2006 3). Unfortunately, in many developing countries these global aspirations have remained unaccomplished.(Visser et al., 2007) viewed CSR in developing countries as the formal and informal ways in which business makes a character to improving the governance, social, ethical, labour and environmental conditions of the developing countries in which they operate, while remaining sensitive to prevailing religious, historical and cultural contexts.According to a survey done by Welford (2005) in Asia, research showed that countries such as Hong Kong, Malaysia and Thailand where indicative of having less prevalent CSR activities. Malaysia is considered as the weakest in terms of CSR performance, with Thailand being relatively strong on external aspects (such as child labour and ethics) and Hong Kong being generally better on internal aspects (such as non-discrimination and equal opportunities).It was d etermined through a review done on CSR literature (Visser et al, 2006) that only 12 out of 53 countries in Africa have publications in CSR journals and that 57% of published articles focus on atomic number 16 Africa with 16% focusing on Nigeria.On one hand, CSR in the United States has been defined mainly in terms of a philanthropic model. Most companies focus on making and maximising profits and only contribute to charitable activities in an effort to benefit from tax concessions, contributing a certain handle of the profits to charitable institutions. They believe that receiving any benefits from charitable sharing would tarnish the reputation of the company. On the other hand, the Canadian Governments perception of CSR is generally understood to be the way a company achieves a balance or integration of economic, environmental and social imperatives while at the same time addressing shareholder and stakeholder expectations.According to Cecil (2008), disclosure of CSR in the Unit ed States does not currently exist and is therefore unregulated as a required framework. In fact, various models and categories of reporting do exist under the umbrella of CSR, such as environmental reports, social reports and sustainability reports. Therefore the CSR report is separate from the one-year report and represents non-financial qualitative and quantitative data.In contrast to other developed countries, Corporate Social Responsibility in the United States is not forcefully imposed. Companies in the United States participate in CSR based on their own moral and social values, allowing them to follow out the triple-bottom-line approach voluntarily. In comparison, the laws of Mauritius state that it is mandatory for profit bearing organisations to pay the government 2% of their annual book profit as a CSR plowshare. While companies in the United States have no mandatory obligation towards CSR, they widely exploit the CSR programme as a means of increasing their public ima ge and corporate reputation. Given the fact that CSR in the United States is non-mandatory, companies can define and interpret their views of social responsibility within the context of own their company. Having this freedom has allowed them to better measure and promote CSR activities in comparison to their International counterparts.It is interesting to note that although companies in the United States are very explicit in their public statements with relation to their commitment to corporate responsibility, the lack of precise definition has led to confusion in terminology. A wide range of terms for CSR now exists, such as social responsibility, community investment and corporate citizenship. Each company tends to define them differently, yet having little apprehensiveness of what they actually mean, whether that is philanthropic giving, raw material sourcing or employment practices. Mauritius in comparison, although less developed than the United States, has a well-defined CSR programme as the mandatory enforcement of social responsibility has led to a single, precise and distinct perception thereof.The Government of the United solid ground interprets CSR as the contribution a business makes to their sustainable development goals in terms of how they account for economic, social and environmental impacts. According to I. Pearson, Minister of the state UK, the world is experiencing major economic challenges and the issue of Corporate Responsibility must remain high on business and political agendas. He states that most successful companies have always been the most responsible. Business leaders recognise that Corporate Responsibility makes good business sense and it attracts the best talent, earns the trust of customers and the community and acts as a powerful investment for long-term sustainability. However, just ilk the United States, and in contrast to Mauritius, CSR is voluntary in the United Kingdom.The Government of the United Kingdom has adopted t he voluntary approach as they believe it will motivate and encourage Corporate Social Responsibility through best practice guidance, and where appropriate, regulation and fiscal incentives. In the United Kingdom, CSR is viewed as a voluntary activity that should address both competitive and social interests. Mauritius does not share this approach and even encourages companies to contribute above the legal requirement to benefit the community and environment, invest in education and to help eradicate poverty.The question of whether or not CSR should be considered mandatory emerges when we consider that countries like the United States and the United Kingdom have no such legal compliance obligations. Why would a country like Mauritius, being a small island in the Indian Ocean, apply CSR as compulsory, especially considering that Mauritius is only the second country in the world where CSR is mandatory?NRE (Nouvelles Regulations Economique) law introduced in France in 2001 requires that all publicly listed French companies break off information to their stakeholders pertaining to social and environmental impacts on their activities, together with their annual reports. There is no requirement for any specific constraints to be included with regards to their standards, thresholds or any other regulatory requirements.Although the law has been introduced, it should be considered as a soft law since the disclosed information is not regulated and there are no clear rules with regards to non-compliance. The legal responsibility is to report on social and environment impacts but without the requirement for certification of the disclosed information. In addition, the law does not clearly outline possible sanctions that may be imposed in cases of non-compliance or falsification of information.According to the research presented by L. Drusch and A.Lioui (2010) there has been a rapid growth in Corporate Social Responsibility in France over the last decade. This growth can be measured by the increase in the number of French companies that are listed in the Socially Responsible Investment (SRI) index in France as well as the listing of French companies in International CSR rankings, such as the 100 Most Sustainable Corporations in the World listing. identical the United States, CSR in France is based on the triple-bottom-line approach and is aimed at improving social, economic or environmental aspects in society beyond financial motivation. In addition, the United States does provide CSR reporting to some extent although not regulated and submitted in a separate report to the annual statements.In July 2007, Indonesia enforced a mandatory regulation regarding corporate social responsibility, being the first country in the world to do so. Based on the research done by Rosser et al (2008), Indonesia promotes CSR to local small and medium enterprises as a way to reach US and European markets.As compared to Mauritius, where the obligation is to pay 2% of the book profit, Indonesia has imposed a 3-5% obligation to be paid to the government. According to semiempirical data, the CSR law in Indonesia requires revision and improvement due to misinterpretations thereof, as well as lack of a precise definition.The law created a fierce arguing and was heavily challenged as being nothing more than a philanthropy tax that was detrimental for business. Those challenging the law argue that there is no need to regulate CSR as sectorial rules have already been defined and introduced to regulate corporate responsibilities, such as the Environmental Law, Labour Law and Investment Law. The law is very unclear with regards to the governments expectations and has no clear definition of CSR. Unlike France, the law in Indonesia does stipulate penalties for non-compliance.Grafstrm et al (2008) identified that over the past three decades, the term CSR has been extensively debated by companies and in academic circles across the globe with a common goal to id entify a definition of CSR that all and heterogenous can collectively agree upon.Kemp et al (2001) observed that companies were hesitant to divulge their actual CSR activities due to the confusion that the term has produced over the past years. It was found that companies are reluctant to publish their activities for fear of reprisal by the media and NGOs should their approach be erroneous.Carroll (1998) found that companies often interpret regulations incorrectly and that laws often create a hindrance or else than improving economic performance.Although Mauritius followed Indonesias stance on mandatory CSR, being only the second country in the world to do so, the differences between the two countries can be easily identified. When the law was introduced, Indonesia faced fierce disapproval and the mandatory requirement is still an on-going debate. It remains mostly a disorganised and misunderstood concept whereas Mauritius appears to have a clearly understanding of what CSR actual ly entails as opposed to simply being a governmental tax requirement. The introduction of CSR into the Mauritanian business environment was done so with a clear understanding on the benefits to business success, reputation and the social impact that such contributions would make on the island. many another(prenominal) are of the opinion that even if CSR was not mandatory in Mauritius, most organisations would still voluntarily contributing to CSR as a good business practice.Like Indonesia, India faced strong criticism when trying to impose mandatory CSR obligations in 2011. Their intention was to make it mandatory for companies to contribute at least 2% of net profits to the government. In July 2011 the Indian government backed down and made CSR contributions voluntary by recasting it as responsible business and issuing a set of guidelines for companies released on July 8th 2011 by the then Union Minister of Corporate Affairs, Mr. Murli Deora. The debate surrounding the mandatory C SR in India continues and the government has requested that companies keep records of their CSR spending in order to disclose to their stakeholders.The Companies Bill 2009 contains many provisions but none more debated than CSR. Salman Khurshid (the current Union minister for law) and Deoras predecessor, initially a mandatory CSR enthusiast, swayed his views that if CSR contributions were publicised, they would create competitiveness between organisations that in turn would encourage contributions.The Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce Industry (FICCI) suggested tax concessions to companies who reached voluntary targets. The confederacy of Indian Industry (CII), a rival of the Indian Chambers, felt that mandatory corporate responsibility would be counterproductive, arguing that companies may resort to camouflaging activities to meet such regulations, particularly during recessionary periods and economic downturns.Indias philanthropic community does not support mandatory CSR . According to research, the CEO of the NGO Give India viewed this as a gaga idea. He believed that once CSR is made mandatory, people will find ways and means to get out of it. The rules would be so vague that the reporting would be even vaguer. The CEO and co-founder of the Dasra foundation agreed. He was not in favour of mandatory CSR. He felt that when you make things mandatory, the chance of them not being done would be greater.Philanthropist Rohini Nilekani strongly opposed mandatory CSR believing that it was just outsourcing of governance. She felt that if wanted, the corporations should be taxed and the money put into social programs but that CSR should not be dictated.Corporate giants, TATA and BIRLA, have practiced Corporate Social Responsibility actively, decades before the term CSR became popular in India. Even still, CSR remains misunderstood in the Indian Development Sector. Only a few private and public companies apply CSR and those that do tend to have International shareholding from countries where CSR is considered a business best practice.India seek to follow in the footsteps of Indonesia and Mauritius by imposing mandatory CSR regulations, the only other country to have actively considered such enforcement.It seems evident from the various researchers and the review of the various approaches and overseas experiences that there is a marked difference in the concept and interpretation of CSR world-wide.Mauritian ContextIn Mauritius, private organisations are reputed to have an drawn-out culture and tradition of CSR, principally in terms of voluntary social engagement in the communities where they operate and in the society at large. They have participated and contributed over the years to the social and environmental development of the country. Previous survey reports published by the Mauritius Employers Fund (MEF) in 2006 and 2008 indicate that Mauritian businesses in their large mass believe that their role in society extends beyond wea lth generation and that pursuing economic interests needs to be balanced with social and environmental responsibility. Indeed, Mauritian enterprises have been engaged in both internal and external CSR, driven mainly by ethical considerations, employee motivation, company reputation and brand positioning. They have also taken into consideration benefits of employees and engaged in external CSR initiatives by contributing and supporting social and community related activities. The MEF Surveys have also shown that CSR has followed a rather philanthropic approach, characterised by informal activities, unrelated to business operations and strategy.The recent economic and financial crisis has led to a rise in the level of familiarity of governments in the operation of the business sector across the world. There is also an emerging debate in the Corporate Social Responsibility literature with regards to the role of the state in the business relationship. Despite the efforts made by govern ment and International agencies, the global poverty problem is worsening day by day. Thus, the contribution of organisations to Corporate Social Responsibility for the creation of a better society is rising.Corporate Social Responsibility Mandatory in MauritiusAccording to Y.Ramtohul (Sept 2011), on one hand, in Mauritius, all companies such as those holding a Category 1 Global Business Licence under the Financial Services Act, banks in Mauritius whose income is derived from banking transactions with non-resident or corporation holding a global business license under the financial, IRS companies as mentioned in the investment promotion ( Real kingdom Development Scheme) Regulations 2007, as well as any non-resident societe , a trust or a trustee of a unit trust scheme are exempted from mandatory obligation from contributing to the CSR blood line.On the other hand , all other companies incorporated and registered at the Registrar of Companies of Mauritius have to contribute 2% of t heir annual book profits to the CSR fund as provided by the S 50L of the Income Tax of Mauritius ( Act 16 1995). According to the S 50L of the same Act the 2 % that goes to the CSR fund shall be used to either implement an approved programme by a company, an approved programme under the National Empowerment Foundation or to finance an approved NGO.It is the responsibility of the CSR committee to review these programmes or NGOs to be financed as set up under the S 50 L instalment of the Income Tax in order to have a better control and transparency about the investment made. It is also interesting to understand that if, in respect to a year, the amount paid out to the CSR fund is less than 2% then the difference shall be remitted as an income and will be taxed at the end of the financial year.Statutory RequirementsAs from July 2009, companies in Mauritius therefore have the legal obligation to contri

What causes Juvenile Delinquency

What causes Juvenile transgressionJuvenile delinquency happens for many reasons. Poverty, abuse, and family tension atomic number 18 a few of the major reason for a electric razor to become a juvenile delinquent. Steps need to be in place to stop and control some of the sisterren that argon fall(a)ing finished the crack of society and becoming ill-adjusted larges. Life is non always pretty, but that should not be a reason to commit crime.Movie Synopsis pike is a modern take on the fairytale Little Red Riding Hood. The movie depicts the struggles of genus genus genus Vanessa Lutz in school, her home life, and then as she tries to go to her grans home after her m other and step military chaplain were arrested for prostitution and drug possession. Vanessa Lutz is s everely, delayed academically, due to the multiple school changes that she endured because of her unst qualified electric razorhood. Her years of being raised in the ghetto with her mother and stepfather added to l ack of schooling she real.Vanessa started her criminal c arer years ago with petty crimes but this current string of crimes started with handcuffing her hearty worker to the bed. She did not want to go to foster get by again. Her last experience in foster care was far from beneficial to her mental as good as her turned on(p) health and she did not want a repeat performance. Vanessa had heard of her paternal grandmother, but had never actually met her or her father, for that matter. Before difference town, Vanessa went to see her boyfriend Chopper, an African American gang phallus. She wanted to raise him that she is leaving town and to ask him to go with her. Her plans are to find her grandmother, who stick outs in Northern California and who does not even know Vanessa exists. Vanessa dreams of a great life with her grandmother, but doesnt even know if the grandmother is even-tempered alive or living in the identical mobile park.When the car she is driving breaks down on the freeway and leaves her stranded, the soul, who stops to help Vanessa, is bobsled Wolverton, a counselor at a school for troubled boys. He talks Vanessa into accepting a ride from him and revealing intimate details of her life. When she realizes curtsy is tugting sexually excited as he learns the details about her molestation and rape by her stepfather, Vanessa plays mad and wants out of the car. bobfloat has remove the door handle from the passenger side door and Vanessa cannot originate out the car. Vanessa realizes that Bob is the I-5 Killer, she heard about former(a) in the good afternoon on the Channel 5 news.Bob orders Vanessa to strip off her clothes. Vanessa says that she cannot get her pants off because of her boots. Bob allows Vanessa the freedom to get into the back seat to restrain room to remove her boots and pants. Once in the back seat, Vanessa realises out a gun, the one her boyfriend gave her, orders Bob to pull off the next exit. She then asks him if h e believes in God. When he says that he does, she orders him out of the car and shoots him in the head. She then vomits and shoots him three more time. Thinking that Bob is dead, Vanessa takes his money, credit cards, and car keys.Vanessa leaves Bob for dead and continues on her trip to her grandmothers house. After a term, she is hungry and she stops at a low truck stop style caf to get something to eat. When she walks into the caf, she has blood on her hands from Bob and frightens the server. Vanessa goes to the bathroom to clean up and then she eats her meal. now upon leaving the caf, Vanessa is arrested for the attempted murder of Bob Wolverton.At the patrol station, a couple of police officers question Vanessa. Vanessa admits to shooting Bob Wolverton. She is reconciling and shocked that he did not die. She tells the police officers that Bob is the I-5 Killer, but they do not believe her. The police officers list her long list of petty crimes and tell her that Bob is a wel l-respected citizen with no prior criminal present or mental health issues. whizz of the officers starts teasing her and Vanessa becomes violent and starts hitting him, all the while spouting racial slurs at him. She is taken away in handcuffs and placed in a holding cell until her arraignment. Vanessa refuses to show remorse for her actions at her arraignment, insisting that Bob is the I-5 Killer. Vanessa falsifys fun of Bob because he has physical disabilities from the shooting and taunts him about his colostomy bag. The judge orders Vanessa out of the courtroom, no one acknowledging that Bob admitted he is the I-5 killer. She is placed in juvenile detention until psychological evaluations can be done. These evaluations are to determine her status of either an adult offender or juvenile delinquent. Juvenile delinquent status would be considered if it is felt she can she be rehabilitated otherwise she entrust be tried as an adult, if her mental capacity allows. Vanessa becomes f riends with a drug-addicted lesbian and then confronted by the toughest girl in the prison, Mesquita. Before Mesquita has a chance to hurt Vanessa, Vanessa beats her to a pulp, an act for which Vanessa receives solitary confinement.One of the police officers, who was assaulted by Vanessa, has a gut feeling there was more to the story than he had gotten from either Vanessa or from Bob Wolverton. He returns to her hometown to find out more about Vanessas home life. He was surprised to find Vanessas boyfriend was an African American, which was interesting to him considering the racial slurs she had spouted at him. Upon returning to the crime scene, he found previously overlooked evidence collaborating Vanessas version of the crimes.While in solitary confinement, Vanessa constructs a shiv from a toothbrush, plastic wrap, and a lighter, a skill learned from her stepfather. After returning from solitary confinement, Vanessa learns the psychologists feel she would not be a suitable candida te for rehabilitation, so she will stand trial as an adult. She also sees Bob and his wife on television and is disgusted they afford been inflated to celebrity status and praised for the way they have persevered in the face of the shooting by Vanessa Lutz.Vanessa, Mesquita, and a pair of twin girls plan to escape from prison. The probability presents itself while the group is being transported in a van to the state prison. Vanessa and Mesquita use the shiv to kill one guard and seriously injure the other. They slue the van and then find Mesquitas boyfriend, where Vanessa is given a fake ID, clothes, and a gun. Vanessa and Mesquita share of moment of sisterhood, where Mesquita explains why she tried to intimidate Vanessa the first day she was in juvenile detention. Mesquita said that she had wanted Vanessa to put out for her and Vanessa states that she would put out for her any day. They share the job and go their separate ways.The police officers finally conclude Vanessa was t elling the truth about Bob Wolverton being the I-5 killer. They obtain a search secure for Bobs house and the small shed in the backyard. In the shed, they find his stash of child pornography, sex toys, and trophies from his victims is found. When confronted with some of the items, Bobs wife, Mimi, realizes that her husband is a serial murderer and runs upstairs to commit suicide. Bob returns home from physical therapy to find his house surrounded by police cars, so he drives off to avoid capture.Using the clothes, she received from Mesquita, Vanessa poses as a hooker and lures a john into a back alley. Vanessa robs the john, forces him into the trunk of his car, and drives to where she calculates her grandmother lives. As luck would have it, the police officers realize where Vanessa might be going and decide to drive to her grandmothers mobile home as well.Upon arriving at her grandmothers home, Bob is dressed as Vanessas grandmother and is lying in bed waiting on Vanessa to arr ive. Just like the wolf in the Little Red Riding Hood fairytale, Bob has killed Vanessas grandmother and waiting to devour Vanessa. They struggle with each other, firing a gun in the tussle. Vanessa manages to strangle Bob and emerges victorious in the difference of opinion for her life from the mobile home. The first words out of her mouth to the officers were, Yall got a cigarette? (Bright, 1996).Freeway, the movie, was directed and produced by Matthew Bright in 1996.What causes Juvenile Delinquency? incomingJuvenile delinquency has increased thirty-three percent over the last decade (Loeber, Farrington, Petechuk, 2003) Human beings are unique and multifaceted creatures. Human issuing are just as multifaceted and as resilient as they are different. While scientist do not know why or how the individual personalities are formed, each person has a different personality and handles lifes situations in a distinct individualized manner. The movie, Freeway, depicts one of the worst l iving situations in which a late(a) person can be reared (Bright, 1996). The events in the movie explain one possible outcome of a child raised in the ghetto area of a town. In an attempt to understand more thoroughly the young mass who become juvenile delinquents, the individual, family, cultural and medias influence on children will be examined.Causes of DelinquencyDelinquency is defined as an antisocial or il reasoned behavior or acts in violation of the law, which pertains to adults as well as young batch (Encarta Dictionary English (North America), 2007). Juvenile delinquency isconduct by a juvenile characterized by antisocial behavior that is beyond parental control and and then subject to legal action (Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, 2010). Some behaviors such as drinking alcohol are not pervert as long as the person doing the drinking is older than twenty-one years of age. A status offender is a juvenile, usually under the age of eighteen, which does something like s moking before the legal age to be able to participate in the particular activity. In other countries, something that is seen as deviant or delinquent in the United States whitethorn or may not be seen as deviant, but more of the norm of the country. In the United States, delinquency is determined differently in each individual state. For instance, North Carolina considers a six year old who commits a crime to be a juvenile delinquent, where a many states do not have a legally defined age to be classified as a juvenile delinquent. Risk factors are numerous depending upon the age of the child when the symptoms for delinquent behavior begins (Loeber, Farrington, Petechuk, 2003).Individual AspectsThe psychological development of a child is personal and individualized to each child.A childs behavior is influence by his/her genetic, emotional, cognitive, physical, and social aspects. A person cannot help the genes, which he/she is born with, just as they cannot control the ability to le arn. Young people, who are behind others of the same age academically, have been proven prone to criminal behavior. It is thought the less intelligent a person is, the more likely to commit crime he or she will be. There are many other factors, which influence a young person to be deviant or not to be deviant. This failure to fetch themselves appropriately causes anger and frustration to build. Many times, anger leads to depression or can lead to other more severe forms of mental illness (Mullis, Cornille, Mullis, Huber, 2004).One disorder, which could indicate the possible beginnings to juvenile delinquency, is oppositional defiant disorder (ODD). Oppositional defiant disorder is defined as a psychological disorder in childhood and adolescence characterized by uppity oppositional to tendencies to refuse requests from parents and others (Nevid, Rathus, Greene, 2008). Once a child adds to his/her defiance stealing, truancy and/or even rape, the child is considered to have Conduct inconvenience oneself (CD). Conduct Disorder is defined as a psychological disorder in childhood and adolescence characterized by disruptive, antisocial behavior (Nevid, Rathus, Greene, 2008).Antisocial behavior is inheritable (Nevid, Rathus, Greene, 2008). Antisocial behaviors is when a individual does not want to be around others, with draws from physical contact and does not behavior appropriate for the situation. Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASP) is defined as has been relate to a defect in a persons frontal lobes in a study of children who had committed deviant acts. (Wallace, Hesselbrock, Bauer, 2006). ASP is the mental illness linked with serial killers such as Jeffery Dahmer and Ted Bundy. An individual early in life usually displays symptoms of ASP, but the true manifestation is in the teen years.A line of work some may over look as a predictor of future delinquency is relaxationing problems as a child. If a child does not receive enough sleep during his/her fo rmative years, cognitive as well as neuropsychological problems may appear during adolescence (Gregory, Caspi, Moffitt, Poulton, 2009). When a child does not get adequate sleep, behavioral problems emerge as a symptoms that something is wrong. Cognitive and brain development depend upon getting enough sleep as well as enough good sleep. Good sleep is defined as sleep that includes several cycles of rapid eye movement (rapid eye movement) sleep.REM sleep is important for the process of memories as well as a time for the body to rejuvenate itself. Short-term memory is converted into long-term memory during the REM sleep cycles. A person cycles through four stages of sleep, which takes approximately ninety minutes per cycle. REM sleep happens at the end of the fourth cycle and gets progressively longer as the night goes on. Dreaming occurs during REM sleep. Many times dreams are a way for our minds to process the days events and to sort through the emotions that a person has had. REM is also the time in which the body is in a coma like state so that most of the blood flow is concentrated in the bodys core and head. It is a time for the muscles to relax and rejuvenate. A child without adequate sleep is a child without adequate cognitive function, which may influence his/her emotional and psychological health in the future and lead to delinquent behavior (Catrett, Gaultney, 2009).Attention Deficient Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a behavior disorder characterized by excessive motor activity and n ability to focus ones attention. The child is described as having ants in his/her pants, but cannot keep his/her mind on the subject at hand. The other element to ADHD is impulsivity. The child cannot make rational decisions due to the need to move and forgetting what is going on around him/her. These symptoms begin at an early age, sometimes as young as six or seven. Medications to combat the symptoms of ADHD can cause a child become zombie like. Vanessa, in the movie Freeway, may have been diagnosed with ADHD because of her inability to behave while in class at the beginning of the movie (Bright, 1996). This inability to be able to concentrate can lead to decrease intelligence if not caught in its early stages.Family AspectsAs portrayed in the movie Freeway, children who grow up in a violent, drug-infested home do not learn the correct manner in which to express themselves or the extent of their actions has on their future. Children model their parents. If parents are doing deviant behaviors, child do not perceive anything wrong with doing the same behaviors. Just as Vanessa saw her mother working(a) the streets in order to get money for the family, Vanessa posed as a streetwalker in order to be able to go to her grandmothers at the end of the movie. She learned how to make a shiv from her stepfather in order to escape from prison.Sometimes children have good parents, but still go astray from social norms. Family is important in forming a chil ds character. A child needs responsibilities, duties, and close family relationships as well as some privileges.Communication in a family is very important as well. Children plug-in the tension in a family no matter the cause and open communication is paramount to stop the children from blaming themselves for it. Parents want their children to talk to them about any problems that may arise, but oftentimes do not feel the need to allow the children to be information about family situations that affect the children.Children who do not have adequate parental supervision are more likely to be party to criminal activity. Single mothers working can be stressful for the entire family, because she is creditworthy for all the chores, childcare, discipline, and financial success in the home. Being a parent is hard enough when a couple shares the responsibility, doing an adequate job alone is approximately impossible.The more siblings a child has the less individual attention the child will receive from his/her parents. As a society, we spend less time with our offspring than most any other generation in history. disjoint has become an epidemic and many women are single mothers by choice more than ever before. Most children do not have a father in the home. Almost of as many children, do not even know who their father is or never see them on a regular basis. Women want to have it all, career, children, and freedom. The family unit appears to play the most important role in preventing as well as causing juvenile delinquency.A child that has been sexually abused is more likely to run away than any other child (Widom, 1996). This sexually abused child runs away thinking he/she will have a better life away from the abuser, but more often than not, the runaway becomes a prostitute to survive (Widom, 1996). Sexual abuse, physical abuse, and neglect are three ways that a family can assist a child into becoming a juvenile delinquent. A person is more likely to be abused by a loved one or soul know to the person than by any other group of people (Thio, 2010).Poor families struggle to put food on the table and many times children feel neglected or that the plight of the family is their fault. Doing without the necessities makes a child want the things he/she does not have, which can lead to shoplifting and other such deviant acts. Poverty in this great nation is rampant. We are the greatest nation on this earth and yet we have children that are going hungry and in need of clothing. The cheap food is not the healthiest of choices in most cases. Money worries cause many families to separate in order to receive assistance from the government. Divorce is often a cause for children to become deviant.Peer AspectsPeer pressure has long been seen as a reason for deviant behavior in children. Groupthink is where adults as well as young people seem to lose their ability to speak or act in the correct manner the more people are in the group. The term coined by soc ial psychologist Irving Janis (1972), occurs when a group makes faulty decisions because group pressures lead to a deterioration of mental efficiency, reality testing, and chaste judgment(Coon Mitter, 2010). Conforming to the crowd and acting as a whole instead as the sum of many parts is what happens to when young people give in to peer pressure. Peer pressure is one of the hardest delinquencies to avoid.Children with physical and learning disabilities are often taunted, which can often lead to anger. Young people, who are behind others of the same age academically, are prone to criminal behavior. It is thought the less intelligent a person is, the more likely to commit crime he or she will be. Cognitive function is necessary to rationally think about the consequences in situations and realize what will happen if you are caught doing a bad deed. quiescence quality has been linked to corpulency in a chicken and the egg type scenario. Some say obesity is caused by a lack of sleep quality and other say the lack of sleep quality causes an increase in obesity. Obesity can be a reason for a teenager or adolescent to buckle under peer pressure to fit in with the group and participate in delinquent activities. Young people who are obese have a higher rate of depression, which can lead some to a feeling of helplessness (News to use, 2003). Helplessness can result in deliqency because the child doesnt feel that anything he/she does is worth while any way. Obesity has increased rapidly and some even call it an epidemic. President Obama signed a bill into law giving the United States Department of Agriculture the to set standards for public school lunches in order to combat obesity (Jalonick, 2010). Evidence has shown children are heavier now than at any other time in the history of the United States. The chart below is a little old, but it shows that in 2002, obesity was approximately sixteen percent in both children and adolescences.(Buggey, T. (2007).Social and Co mmunity FactorsTeachers have to worry about their jobs, because of the No Child Left Behind policies. If students are not able to pass a certain percentage of test questions, the school will find teachers, who can make the students pass. The United States Government is mandating every one must pass in order for the teacher to keep her job. This is a lot of pressure on the teachers, who then pass the pressure on to the students. Some students arent able to handle the pressure and drop out of school. School dropouts cannot get a drivers license in many states until age eighteen. Many states do not allow dropouts to work, so getting into trouble is what is available to these young people. The teenagers are not in school, working or doing anything productive with their lives. Some have joined gangs as way of fitting in and having some status they have not otherwise achieved. Chopper, Vanessas boyfriend in the Freeway movie, was a member of a gang. She did not see anything odd about him being in a gang, it was just a way of life for her and him.Teenagers, who are loners, in recent years started committing crimes at their schools. Columbine High School shooting is a prime example of the dangers juvenile delinquents can participate in. They have nothing to live for and just want to have some excitement.Video games have taken over the children in this country. A child can play war games, course from law enforcement as well as shooting games. Their minds are not developed to be able to separate fact from fiction and many times, they think the person will stand back up if they shoot them.Teenagers working while in school has been encouraged throughout the last few decades. Currently, working teenagers have disposable income, which affords them the opportunity to commit deviant acts. The teenagers are more likely to smoke, drive recklessly, and engage in other deviant behaviors when they work while going to school (Thio, 2010). There is more of an opportunity to lie to parents and have time with other people the same age or older in order to commit these deviant acts.Music such as Rap has been blamed for violence, crime, and juvenile delinquency among black as well as other populations of youth. (Mahiri Conner, 2003). Television shows such as Jerry Springer have done more damage to Americas youth by exposing them to the most deviant and sexually explicit significant than ever before in history. Our collective values have declined since the 1950s in the United States.ConclusionAn increase of in the number of juvenile delinquents has been observed. A thirty-three percent increase has been noted in the last decade (Loeber, Farrington, Petechuk, 2003). Gangs are more prevalent in local cities than ever before. Drug colligate crimes are increasing. Violence depicted in movies such as Freeway, is common place to our young people.Schools need to have in place programs to help better some of the baby sitting that is done by teachers. As a country, we need to stop worrying about everyone else around the world and take care of our children. Studies have been done to determine why we have so many juvenile delinquents and we need to so something to stop the progression. Deviant acts leads to juvenile delinquents as well as other criminals. Our young people need to be taught the importance of staying in school as well as a criminal record can follow them for the rest of their lives. Babies should come home with parents who have had parenting classes as well as CPR and first aid classes. Changes need to be make in our country to insure our most valuable resource is protected and taken care of properly.

Computers In Society :: essays research papers fc

Computers pack good and bad effects on society. This essay deals with both aspects of computers. This paper will deal with two articles that have been written about computers. One article deals with the positive side of computers and the other deals with the negative side of computers. Negative Effects of Computers Schengili-Roberts, Keith. "Holmolka Trial On BBS Raises breeding Access Issues". Computer Paper, The. January 1994. pg. 12. This article deals with the fact that even though information on the Karla Holmolka-Teale trial has officially been banned by the Canadian g everywherenment, it is still handy to many Canadians. It is very easy to get a pick out of this solid. Anyone with a computer, modem, and some spare time could most likely get a hold of this information. The court transcripts, transcripts of the A Current Affair episode that was banned in Canada, and other articles from other publications banned in Canada are accessible from local BBSes, Internet, o r by calling long distance to a BBS in the US or Europe. Also, Internet, a computer network of BBSes established all over the world, has various chat bases set up for people to discuss the information. People can also get the information by having it sent to them from friends or relatives breathing outside of Canada. While it is not illegal to have this information, it is illegal to have for the purpose of distribution. The reason that the above information was banned in Canada is so that Karla Holmolka-Teales husband, Paul, is sure a fair trial. The lawyers, court, etc., were afraid that if the public found out about the court proceedings, they would make up their mind about Pauls innocence before he was given a trial and therefore, finding an un-biased jury would be next too impossible. Another task with computers and modems is the distribution of X rated pictures and other pornographic material through the phone lines. Even though there are adult BBSes dealing strictly with th is material, many other BBSes that do not restrict memberships to received age groups have it available too. The children would then be able to receive this material by just lying about their age to the Sys-Op (System-Operators). This poses a problem for society and the government. It shows us that almost all information is accessible as long as you have a computer and a modem. It also tells us that information bans many times dont work and that there will almost always be an information leak.

The Red Badge of Courage :: essays research papers

The Red Badge of Courage enthalpy Fleming, also called the youth, is the main character in The Red Badge of Courage. He decided to enlist in the army in hopes of gaining experience and being a part of the war. Although his mother was against him joining the army, Henry wanted the adventure and glory of being part of the war. Henry had many battles to fight within himself. He put off the facade that he was a very confident and strong spend. But in actuality he was very unsure of himself. He always would question his own masculinity and whether or not he would run or fight in battle when the time came. Henry meets two men in is regiment that he calls the tall soldier and the loud soldier. They all go through the new experience of being in war together.Later on when they get into battle Henry so far has fears of fleeing the battle field. When the time comes to face the enemy Henry ended up running into the woods like many others. After he finds his way prickle to the regiment he see s what the battle has done to the soldiers. Many of his friends, including the tall soldier, died. Others were wound. He in a way felt jealous because he didnt prevail that wound, red badge of courage that they had to show. Henry continued on in the woods and came across a soldier. He tried to help him but the soldiers wouldnt let him. In the disagreement the other soldier struck Henry with his gun. Henry went back to his camp and all of the men thought he had been wounded in the battle. He went along with this and many thought of him as brave.The next day Henry had new insight and was not afraid of the battles.

Euthanasia is Moral Essay -- Argument for Euthanasia

Recent debates oer active euthanasia, killing a terminally illpatient, in Holland, has raised the question whether euthanasia isimmoral or a simple human right. Doctors seem to have no doubt. Theymade an oath. The definition of mercy killing depends on whether it is active orpassive. Active Euthanasia I only allowed in Holland, and it meansthat the doctor takes direct measures to put a patient to sleep,whereas passive Euthanasia only involves stopping pill consumption, orstopping treatment. In England, only passive Euthanasia is allowed.Euthanasia touches some of the deepest feelings in human beings. It isthe power over life and death, and responsibilities no one wishes totake, have to be taken. This, of cause, leads to the ultimatum, thatit is the patients own choice. But can we allow some one to taketheir own lives? Doesnt this mean that everyone else around thepatient has failed, that more could have been done? From the patientspoint of view, a lot of arguments talk in favour o f euthanasia. Forone, no body wants to be a burden. If a person has had a car accident,which paralyses him from neck and down, and is doomed to sit in awheelchair for the rest of his life, he knows that he will be 100% qualified on the ones that care for him, his lived ones, forever. Itcan also be mentioned that the life quality of a terminally illpatient, gets reduced a lot. Never being able to walk again, neverbeing able to talk to your children again, never being able to goshopping, swimming, playing, driving etc. must be terrible for anyone.The wholly situation only gets worse, if the patient himself can seethat his condition is worsening, and only time keeps his thoughtsclear. A third very importa... ... disease by killing the patient, as he believes. It allows thepatient to die in peace with no suffering. Steve Forbes callseuthanasia barbaric (31). Isnt it far more barbaric to force someoneto suffer kind of than helping them to end their misery?Euthanasia is ethical, and p hysicians should be allowed to assist init legally. My great-grandfather was terminally ill with cancer. Hecouldnt eat or sleep, he just determined there, constantly in pain. Therewas nothing they could do as far as cancer treatment, because his bodywas too old and weak. So, he suffered for almost 2 months, while weall watched him suffer more and more everyday as he lay there dying.He stated many times how he just wanted to die and didnt want to liveanymore. But, we (society) forced him to suffer. This is somethingthat should have never happened and should never happen again.

The Color Purple by Alice Walker Essay -- essays papers

The Color Purple by Alice pushchair The Color Purple by Alice Walker is the story of a poor black woman living in the south between World War 1 and World War 2. This was at a time when, although slavery had ended, galore(postnominal) women were still virtually in bondage, and had to put up with m any conditions that was reminiscent of the days of slavery. The problem was that they had to endure being tempered like an inferior being by their own families sometimes, as well as from the white people that lived there. It was a life that was filled with misery for many black women, and they felt helpless to do anything about their situations.The book focuses mainly on a woman named Celie, who has lived a hard life already when, at the age of 14 she begins writing letters to deity to have some i to confide in,and tell her thoughts and secrets to. In her first letter, she says I have al manners been a good girl. Maybe you bathroom give me a sign letting me know what is happening to me . (1) Already at that age she has been taking care of her brothers and sister, and has been work very hard at trying to get something of an education. On top of this, she has been raped by her father repeatedly because, as he says, You gonna do what your mammy wouldnt. (1) She has had two babies by him already, and hes taken both of them away right afterwards they were born. She thinks at first he might have killed one of them, but later finds out that he sold them to a couple in town. Celie doesnt do anything about her situation, because shes used to being tempered like that. Shes scared, and she fears for her sister Nettie too, when her Pa starts looking at her the same way. Eventually, a man referred to as Mr. ______ comes along and wants to marry Nettie, but hes too old for her, and ends up marrying Celie. He takes a couple of months to think it over, but goes ahead and marries her because he needs someone to watch over his kids, and besides, she forget bring the cow she was raising along. Its not so much he wants a relationship, he just wants someone to take care of things for him so he doesnt have to do much, and he wants something else when he wants it. Her father even tells Mr. ____ that She ugly... But she aint no stranger to hard work. And she clean. And God fixed her. You can do everything just like you want to and she aint gonna make you feed it or clothe it. (9) As soon ... ...inds that she can be happy and content having her own life, without being set like a doormat by others. She is finally truly happy with her life and the way it is going, except for one thing. Her life is complete when, after years of wondering about her sister, and then years of waiting, Nettie finally comes home, bringing their children, and Adams wife from Africa. As Celie puts it, I feel a little peculiar around the children. For one thing, they grown. And I see they think me and Nettie and Shug and Albert and Samuel and Harpo and Sophia and Jack and Odessa real old and preceptort know much what going on. But I dont think us feel old at all. And us so happy. Matter of fact, I think this the youngest us ever felt.(295) With her long lost sister, and her kids reunited with her after so much time, there really wouldnt be any other way to feel besides young again, except for maybe an urge to make up for lost time. Now that shes being treated like she should be, it should be easier to make up the time to her family, because she can be herself, and be happy about it. Thats saying a lot after all shes been through, and Celie will surely make the best of her from this point on.

Salem Essay -- essays research papers

ESSAY SALEM In 1692 in Salem Massachusetts a horrible chain of events occurred. A massive witch hunt began and a tidal wave of fear and suspicion swept over the tight knit Puritan town of Salem. A small group of girls began accusing the towns pack of witchcraft and the majority of the town believed these claims and full trials were held. If the accused victims did not confess to committing witchcraft it was more than likely that they would be put to death, hung in front of the town. Arthur Miller portrays this event in his novel The Crucible. The theme of indorsement and Power is vital in The Crucible because of the abuses of power, the need for affirm and the absolute belief in authority figures lead to the witch hunt. Throughout the witch hunt the abuses of power ar prevalent. The abuse was broad spectrum and everyone from the accusing girls to the forecast are involved. Abigail Williams is the leader of the girls. She begins this charade in order to save herself and the other girls from the punishment that they would have been handed down for them dancing in the woods. Abigail being a conniving girl sees the opportunity to save herself and seek revenge on people from the town who she feels "hate her and are trying to blacken her name in the community"(p.24 ). Abigail forces the other girls to go along with her plan by threatening them and forcing them to follow her "either of you breathe a word, or the edge of a word, around the other things, and I bequeath come to you in the black of some terrible night and I will bring a pointy reckoning that will shudder you "(p.20). Together the girls begin to destroy what was once a close community. Abigail is not alone in the abuses of power. The judge, Danforth has fallen under the girls spell and believes in them completely. Since he believes that the girls are right and decides that there is no way and accused person could actually be innocent. Due to this and judge Danforths ego he sends many people to their deaths still claiming innocence. Not only does Danforth refuse to hear op office to the existence of witchcraft he creates the front that anyone who doubts that witchcraft is in Salem is trying to demoralise the court (p. ). However it is apparent that he just does not want his authority to be questioned or his reputation tarnished. Danforth and Abigail are able to accomplish this becaus... .... Their beliefs that the girls are right has forced them to fear that they might be accused next. Abigail even dares say this to Danforth "Let you beware, Mr. Danforth. Think you be so mighty that the power of booby hatch may not turn your wits? Beware of it" (p.108) Danforth does not pay attention to this but other members of the community do. They are afraid to do or say anything against Abigail or the girls even though the town believes that the girls are telling the truth. The witch hunt that occurred in The Crucible can be attributed to the theme of Authority a nd Power and since the community believed in those in a position of power, the abuses that these people did and their need for control increased the severity of the events. Had the town not placed much(prenominal) power in the hands of these girls and in the hands of strangers such as Rev. Hale and judge Danforth many lives would have been saved. The beliefs of the town gave those in a position of power a want for control and they began to stop at nothing to achieve that. The massacre of innocent people in Salem is a tragical event in history which is portrayed quite accurately in Arthur Millers The Crucible. Word Count 1223